Error messages: the neglected area of the man/machine interface
Communications of the ACM
A Global Perspective on Web Site Usability
IEEE Software
Designing for the grand illusion
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin - a supplement to interactions
What they see is what we get: response options for web surveys
Social Science Computer Review
Defensive Design for the Web: How to improve error messages, help, forms, and other crisis points
Defensive Design for the Web: How to improve error messages, help, forms, and other crisis points
Toward a more civilized design: studying the effects of computers that apologize
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Designating required vs. optional input fields
CHI EA '97 CHI '97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Usable error message presentation in the World Wide Web: Do not show errors right away
Interacting with Computers
Social Science Computer Review
Web Form Design: Filling in the Blanks
Web Form Design: Filling in the Blanks
Using eye-tracking to evaluate label alignment in online forms
Proceedings of the 5th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: building bridges
Forms that Work: Designing Web Forms for Usability
Forms that Work: Designing Web Forms for Usability
Error prevention in online forms: Use color instead of asterisks to mark required-fields
Interacting with Computers
Exploring the feasibility of web form adaptation to users' cultural dimension scores
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
Interacting with Computers
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Computers in Human Behavior
Empirical evaluation of 20 web form optimization guidelines
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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There are many ways of placing error messages in web forms. A study of web conventions shows that the most common approach is to display error messages embedded in the form at the top of the entire form. Six frequent locations (right, left, above and below the erroneous input field, as well as on the top and at the bottom of the form) were tested in an online study with n=303 participants. Results of efficiency, effectiveness and satisfaction show that the locations near the erroneous input field lead to a significantly better performance than the error messages on the top and at the bottom of the form; in addition error messages on the right side of the erroneous input field were subjectively evaluated as the most satisfying and intuitive by participants. The results indicate possible improvements for online shops, where error messages are currently mostly placed on the top of the form.