Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Hierarchical Model for Real Time Simulation of Virtual Human Crowds
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Modeling Individual Behaviors in Crowd Simulation
CASA '03 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (CASA 2003)
Intuitive Crowd Behaviour in Dense Urban Environments using Local Laws
TPCG '03 Proceedings of the Theory and Practice of Computer Graphics 2003
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers
Controlling individual agents in high-density crowd simulation
SCA '07 Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Graphical Models
ClearPath: highly parallel collision avoidance for multi-agent simulation
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Experiment-based modeling, simulation and validation of interactions between virtual walkers
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
A synthetic-vision based steering approach for crowd simulation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Simulating the local behaviour of small pedestrian groups
Proceedings of the 17th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
PLEdestrians: a least-effort approach to crowd simulation
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Reconstructing motion capture data for human crowd study
MIG'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Motion in Games
About the PD crowd simulation framework
Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference
About the PD crowd simulation framework
Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference
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While walking through a crowd, a pedestrian experiences a large number of interactions with his neighbors. The nature of these interactions is varied, and it has been observed that macroscopic phenomena emerge from the combination of these local interactions. Crowd models have hitherto considered collision avoidance as the unique type of interactions between individuals, few have considered walking in groups. By contrast, our paper focuses on interactions due to the following behaviors of pedestrians. Following is frequently observed when people walk in corridors or when they queue. Typical macroscopic stop-and-go waves emerge under such traffic conditions. Our contributions are, first, an experimental study on following behaviors, second, a numerical model for simulating such interactions, and third, its calibration, evaluation and applications. Through an experimental approach, we elaborate and calibrate a model from microscopic analysis of real kinematics data collected during experiments. We carefully evaluate our model both at the microscopic and the macroscopic levels. We also demonstrate our approach on applications where following interactions are prominent. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.