Heart rate variability: indicator of user state as an aid to human-computer interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing attentive interfaces
ETRA '02 Proceedings of the 2002 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Image Processing: The Fundamentals
Image Processing: The Fundamentals
What's in the eyes for attentive input
Communications of the ACM
Attuning notification design to user goals and attention costs
Communications of the ACM
Head gestures for perceptual interfaces: The role of context in improving recognition
Artificial Intelligence
Robust, low-cost, non-intrusive sensing and recognition of seated postures
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Understanding movement for interaction design: frameworks and approaches
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Emotionally Expressive Head and Body Movement During Gaze Shifts
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
Nonverbally smart user interfaces: postural and facial expression data in human computer interaction
UAHCI'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Universal access in human-computer interaction: ambient interaction
Exploring the possibilities of body motion data for human computer interaction research
USAB'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on HCI in work and learning, life and leisure: workgroup human-computer interaction and usability engineering
Robust classification of face and head gestures in video
Image and Vision Computing
An integrated approach for head gesture based interface
Applied Soft Computing
Probabilistic posture classification for Human-behavior analysis
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
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Automatic motor or involuntary postural behaviors of users have been receiving an increasing interest in recent years, as unobtrusive measures of cognitive states. In this paper, we investigate the involuntary postural responses of seated users derived from their cognitive changes as input for Attentive Computing Systems. The paper first introduces seated posture, its advantages for cognitive state assessment and connections with cognitive states and, related studies in order to provide a research background for this emerging area of research. We then focus on head posture of seated users and examine the involuntary head movements correlated with task engagement and changing task difficulty through an experiment conducted using a display-oriented cognitive task with changing difficulties. The experiment included 31 participants. Based on different measures, head response and speed, data gathered from user studies were analyzed. Repeated measures Analysis of Variances revealed that head response and speed could serve as cognitive engagement measures. The results indicated that participants get closer to a computer display and became more stationary when they were engaged in a task. The task difficulty analysis results, conversely, partially fulfilled our initial expectations. Head response and speed exhibited limited sensitive behaviors as task difficulties changed.