The society of mind
Telepresence, time delay and adaptation
Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments
Intelligence without representation
Artificial Intelligence
Distal attribution and presence
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Premier issue
Musings on telepresence and virtual presence
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Premier issue
VR '99 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality
When Far Becomes Near: Remapping of Space by Tool Use
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Visuomotor Adaptation to Virtual Hand Position in Interactive Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence as Being-in-the-World
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A touch of affect: mediated social touch and affect
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
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What explains the experience of ''being there'' in a simulated or mediated environment? In recent years, research has pointed to various technological and psychological factors deemed important in eliciting this so-called experience of telepresence, including interactivity, sensory-motor integration, media transparency, and distal attribution. However, few theories exist that can combine these findings in a coherent framework. In the present paper, we formulate such a theoretical framework. We will argue that the experience of telepresence is a consequence of the way in which we are embodied, and that it extends naturally from the same ability that allows us to adjust to a slippery surface, or to the weight of a hammer. The importance of embodiment in the understanding of telepresence has been stated before, but these works have not yet fully addressed what it means to be embodied. We argue that ''having a human body'' means having a specific morphology, a body schema, and a body image. Subsequently we describe how tools and technological artifacts may be incorporated at each of these levels of embodiment, and the implications thereof for the experience of telepresence.