On inferring autonomous system relationships in the internet
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Protecting Free Expression Online with Freenet
IEEE Internet Computing
Infranet: Circumventing Web Censorship and Surveillance
Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Security Symposium
IEEE Internet Computing
Tor: the second-generation onion router
SSYM'04 Proceedings of the 13th conference on USENIX Security Symposium - Volume 13
Network Flow Watermarking Attack on Low-Latency Anonymous Communication Systems
SP '07 Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Cisco Voice over IP
Membership-concealing overlay networks
Proceedings of the 16th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
On the risks of serving whenever you surf: vulnerabilities in Tor's blocking resistance design
Proceedings of the 8th ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
Pass it on: social networks stymie censors
IPTPS'08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Peer-to-peer systems
Fighting censorship with algorithms
FUN'10 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Fun with algorithms
Chipping away at censorship firewalls with user-generated content
USENIX Security'10 Proceedings of the 19th USENIX conference on Security
Telex: anticensorship in the network infrastructure
SEC'11 Proceedings of the 20th USENIX conference on Security
Cirripede: circumvention infrastructure using router redirection with plausible deniability
Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Safe and private data sharing with turtle: friends team-up and beat the system
SP'04 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Security Protocols
Packet Trains--Measurements and a New Model for Computer Network Traffic
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Protocol misidentification made easy with format-transforming encryption
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGSAC conference on Computer & communications security
Cover your ACKs: pitfalls of covert channel censorship circumvention
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGSAC conference on Computer & communications security
ScrambleSuit: a polymorphic network protocol to circumvent censorship
Proceedings of the 12th ACM workshop on Workshop on privacy in the electronic society
Validating web content with senser
Proceedings of the 29th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference
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A key challenge in censorship-resistant web browsing is being able to direct legitimate users to redirection proxies while preventing censors, posing as insiders, from discovering their addresses and blocking them. We propose a new framework for censorship-resistant web browsing called CensorSpoofer that addresses this challenge by exploiting the asymmetric nature of web browsing traffic and making use of IP spoofing. CensorSpoofer de-couples the upstream and downstream channels, using a low-bandwidth indirect channel for delivering outbound requests (URLs) and a high-bandwidth direct channel for downloading web content. The upstream channel hides the request contents using steganographic encoding within Email or instant messages, whereas the downstream channel uses IP address spoofing so that the real address of the proxies is not revealed either to legitimate users or censors. We built a proof-of-concept prototype that uses encrypted VoIP for this downstream channel and demonstrated the feasibility of using the CensorSpoofer framework in a realistic environment.