Minimum-energy broadcast in all-wireless networks: NP-completeness and distribution issues
Proceedings of the 8th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
A high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing
Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Mitigating congestion in wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
ExOR: opportunistic multi-hop routing for wireless networks
Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
TWIST: a scalable and reconfigurable testbed for wireless indoor experiments with sensor networks
REALMAN '06 Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on Multi-hop ad hoc networks: from theory to reality
MoteLab: a wireless sensor network testbed
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
X-MAC: a short preamble MAC protocol for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
An analysis of unreliability and asymmetry in low-power wireless links
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
NSDI'04 Proceedings of the 1st conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation - Volume 1
Adaptive Low Power Listening for Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Software-based on-line energy estimation for sensor nodes
Proceedings of the 4th workshop on Embedded networked sensors
Visibility: a new metric for protocol design
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
SensorScope: Out-of-the-Box Environmental Monitoring
IPSN '08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Data Discovery and Dissemination with DIP
IPSN '08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
XORs in the air: practical wireless network coding
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems
IP is dead, long live IP for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems
Practical asynchronous neighbor discovery and rendezvous for mobile sensing applications
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems
Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
Reliable data delivery in large-scale low-power sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Routing without routes: the backpressure collection protocol
Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
U-connect: a low-latency energy-efficient asynchronous neighbor discovery protocol
Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
Analyzing MAC protocols for low data-rate applications
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
IDEA: integrated distributed energy awareness for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Comparison of Data-Driven Link Estimation Methods in Low-Power Wireless Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
The impact of network topology on collection performance
EWSN'11 Proceedings of the 8th European conference on Wireless sensor networks
The announcement layer: beacon coordination for the sensornet stack
EWSN'11 Proceedings of the 8th European conference on Wireless sensor networks
The politecast communication primitive for low-power wireless
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
ZeroCal: automatic MAC protocol calibration
DCOSS'10 Proceedings of the 6th IEEE international conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
pTunes: runtime parameter adaptation for low-power MAC protocols
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
Low power, low delay: opportunistic routing meets duty cycling
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
A-MAC: A versatile and efficient receiver-initiated link layer for low-power wireless
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems
Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems
Pushing a standard wireless sensor network stack for ultra-low data rates
Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
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Asynchronous low-power listening techniques reduce the energy footprint of radio communication by enforcing link layer duty cycling. At the same time, these techniques make broadcast traffic significantly more expensive than unicast traffic. Because broadcast is a key network primitive and is widely used in various protocols, recently several techniques have been proposed to reduce the amount of broadcast activity by merging broadcasts from different protocols. In this paper we focus on collection protocols and investigate the more extreme approach of eliminating broadcast completely. To this end, we design, implement and, evaluate a Broadcast-Free Collection Protocol, BFC. We derive first-order models to quantify the costs of broadcasts, and evaluate the performance of BFC on a public testbed. Compared to the Collection Tree Protocol, the de facto standard for data collection, BFC achieves double-digit percentage improvements on the duty cycles. The specific benefits to individual nodes depend on the relative cost of unicast activity; we show that the nodes that benefit the most are the sink's neighbors, which are crucial for network lifetime extension. Eliminating broadcast also brings several other advantages, including extra flexibility with link layer calibrations and energy savings in the presence of poor connectivity.