Intelligent beaconless geographical forwarding for urban vehicular environments

  • Authors:

  • Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor;Kamalrulnizam Abu Bakar;Jaime Lloret;Rashid Hafeez Khokhar;Kevin C. Lee

  • Affiliations:

  • School of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Koya, Koya, Kurdistan Region-IRAQ KOY45;Faculty of Computer Science and Information Systems, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Malaysia 81310;Departamento de Comunicaciones, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain 46022;Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 50603;Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 90095

  • Venue:
  • Wireless Networks
  • Year:
  • 2013

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Abstract

A Vehicular Ad hoc Network is a type of wireless ad hoc network that facilitates ubiquitous connectivity between vehicles in the absence of fixed infrastructure. Source based geographical routing has been proven to perform well in unstable vehicular networks. However, these routing protocols leverage beacon messages to update the positional information of all direct neighbour nodes. As a result, high channel congestion or problems with outdated neighbour lists may occur. To this end, we propose a street-aware, Intelligent Beaconless (IB) geographical forwarding protocol based on modified 802.11 Request To Send (RTS)/ Clear To Send frames, for urban vehicular networks. That is, at the intersection, each candidate junction node leverage digital road maps as well as distance to destination, power signal strength of the RTS frame and direction routing metrics to determine if it should elect itself as a next relay node. For packet forwarding between Intersections, on the other hand, the candidate node considers the relative direction to the packet carrier node and power signal strength of the RTS frame as routing metrics to elect itself based on intelligently combined metrics. After designing the IB protocol, we implemented it and compared it with standard protocols. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol can improve average delay and successful packet delivery ratio in realistic wireless channel conditions and urban vehicular scenarios.