Human Interactive Proofs and Document Image Analysis
DAS '02 Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems V
Using a Text-to-Speech Synthesizer to Generate a Reverse Turing Test
ICTAI '03 Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence
Telling humans and computers apart automatically
Communications of the ACM - Information cities
Labeling images with a computer game
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing human friendly human interaction proofs (HIPs)
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Is It Human or Computer? Defending E-Commerce with Captchas
IT Professional
IMAGINATION: a robust image-based CAPTCHA generation system
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
ScatterType: A Legible but Hard-to-Segment CAPTCHA
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
A Captcha Mechanism By Exchange Image Blocks
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 01
Keeping bots out of online games
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in computer entertainment technology
Developing usable CAPTCHAs for blind users
Proceedings of the 9th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Asirra: a CAPTCHA that exploits interest-aligned manual image categorization
Proceedings of the 14th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
ICCIMA '07 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications (ICCIMA 2007) - Volume 04
IEEE Security and Privacy
A New Human Interactive Proofs System for Deaf Persons
ITNG '08 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations
Usability of CAPTCHAs or usability issues in CAPTCHA design
Proceedings of the 4th symposium on Usable privacy and security
Machine learning attacks against the Asirra CAPTCHA
Proceedings of the 15th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
A low-cost attack on a Microsoft captcha
Proceedings of the 15th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Evaluating existing audio CAPTCHAs and an interface optimized for non-visual use
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
What's up CAPTCHA?: a CAPTCHA based on image orientation
Proceedings of the 18th international conference on World wide web
CAPTCHA Security: A Case Study
IEEE Security and Privacy
Synthetic handwritten CAPTCHAs
Pattern Recognition
Exploiting the human-machine gap in image recognition for designing CAPTCHAs
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Bot, Cyborg and Automated Turing Test
Security Protocols
Generation and use of handwritten CAPTCHAs
International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition
Sketcha: a captcha based on line drawings of 3D models
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web
A new image-based CAPTCHA using the orientation of the polygonally cropped sub-images
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
CAPTCHA Using Strangeness in Machine Translation
AINA '10 Proceedings of the 2010 24th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications
How Good Are Humans at Solving CAPTCHAs? A Large Scale Evaluation
SP '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Decaptcha: breaking 75% of eBay audio CAPTCHAs
WOOT'09 Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX conference on Offensive technologies
Leveraging cognitive factors in securing WWW with CAPTCHA
WebApps'10 Proceedings of the 2010 USENIX conference on Web application development
Attacks and design of image recognition CAPTCHAs
Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Distortion estimation techniques in solving visual CAPTCHAs
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
A CAPTCHA Implementation Based on Moving Objects Recognition Problem
ICEE '10 Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government
A Novel Image Based CAPTCHA Using Jigsaw Puzzle
CSE '10 Proceedings of the 2010 13th IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering
CAPTCHA phishing: a practical attack on human interaction proofing
Inscrypt'09 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Information security and cryptology
Recognizing objects in adversarial clutter: breaking a visual captcha
CVPR'03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
3D drag-n-drop CAPTCHA enhanced security through CAPTCHA
Proceedings of the International Conference & Workshop on Emerging Trends in Technology
The Failure of Noise-Based Non-continuous Audio Captchas
SP '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Building segmentation based human-friendly human interaction proofs (HIPs)
HIP'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Human Interactive Proofs
Collaborative filtering CAPTCHAs
HIP'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Human Interactive Proofs
CAPTCHA generation as a web service
HIP'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Human Interactive Proofs
Enhanced CAPTCHAs: using animation to tell humans and computers apart
CMS'06 Proceedings of the 10th IFIP TC-6 TC-11 international conference on Communications and Multimedia Security
Breaking an animated CAPTCHA scheme
ACNS'12 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security
A new CAPTCHA interface design for mobile devices
AUIC '11 Proceedings of the Twelfth Australasian User Interface Conference - Volume 117
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Computer programs are misusing Internet services designed for humans. A CAPTCHA, Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart, is a standard security mechanism to defend against such attacks. Two fundamental issues with CAPTCHAs are usability and robustness. It is important for a CAPTCHA to be both legible for humans and strong against malicious computer programs. Recently, computer vision and pattern recognition algorithms have broken many well-known CAPTCHAs. Lack of security and usability in CAPTCHAs designed to protect popular websites such as Gmail and Yahoo mail, with almost 500 million users in July 2011, would cause huge problems. Therefore, security researchers have become motivated to discover techniques to improve CAPTCHAs. Exploiting the gap in the recognition abilities between humans and computers is a key point to design a CAPTCHA that is hard-to-break for machines but easy-to-solve for humans. In this paper, we introduce current CAPTCHAs and attacks against them; we investigate the robustness and usability of current CAPTCHAs and discuss ideas to develop more robust and usable CAPTCHAs.