A Lexicon Driven Approach to Handwritten Word Recognition for Real-Time Applications
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
An Off-Line Cursive Handwriting Recognition System
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
On-Line and Off-Line Handwriting Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The Role of Holistic Paradigms in Handwritten Word Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Optical Character Recognition: An Illustrated Guide to the Frontier
Optical Character Recognition: An Illustrated Guide to the Frontier
Use of Lexicon Density in Evaluating Word Recognizers
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
On the Dependence of Handwritten Word Recognizers on Lexicons
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
ICDAR '97 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
DAS '02 Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems V
Human Interactive Proofs and Document Image Analysis
DAS '02 Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems V
Engineering Drawings Recognition Using a Case-based Approach
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 1
ARTiFACIAL: automated reverse turing test using FACIAL features
MULTIMEDIA '03 Proceedings of the eleventh ACM international conference on Multimedia
Telling humans and computers apart automatically
Communications of the ACM - Information cities
IWFHR '04 Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition
Designing human friendly human interaction proofs (HIPs)
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A Human Interactive Proof Algorithm Using Handwriting Recognition
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Digital Document Processing: Major Directions and Recent Advances (Advances in Pattern Recognition)
Digital Document Processing: Major Directions and Recent Advances (Advances in Pattern Recognition)
Spam and the ongoing battle for the inbox
Communications of the ACM - Spam and the ongoing battle for the inbox
Usability of CAPTCHAs or usability issues in CAPTCHA design
Proceedings of the 4th symposium on Usable privacy and security
Machine learning attacks against the Asirra CAPTCHA
Proceedings of the 15th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
A low-cost attack on a Microsoft captcha
Proceedings of the 15th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
CAPTCHA: using hard AI problems for security
EUROCRYPT'03 Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Theory and applications of cryptographic techniques
Recognizing objects in adversarial clutter: breaking a visual captcha
CVPR'03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Visual CAPTCHA with handwritten image analysis
HIP'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Human Interactive Proofs
A survey and analysis of current CAPTCHA approaches
Journal of Web Engineering
A novel gesture-based CAPTCHA design for smart devices
BCS-HCI '13 Proceedings of the 27th International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference
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Human Interactive Proofs systems using CAPTCHA help protect services on the World Wide Web (WWW) from widespread abuse by verifying that a human, not an automated program, is making a request. To authenticate a user as human, a test must be passable by virtually all humans, but not by computer programs. For a CAPTCHA to be useful online, it must be easy to interpret by humans. In this paper, we present a new method to combine handwritten CAPTCHAs with a random tree structure and random test questions to create a novel and more robust implementation that leverages unique features of human cognition, including the superior ability over machines in recognizing graphics and reading unconstrained handwriting text that has been transformed in precise ways. This combined CAPTCHA protects against advances in recognition systems to ensure it remains viable in the future without causing additional difficulties for humans. We present motivation for our approach, algorithm development, and experimental results that support our CAPTCHA in protecting web services while providing important insights into human cognitive factors at play during human-computer interaction.