Evaluating Software Complexity Measures
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Measuring software design quality
Measuring software design quality
Deriving structurally based software measures
Journal of Systems and Software - An Oregon workshop on software metrics
A mathematical perspective for software measures research
Software Engineering Journal
Software complexity: measures and methods
Software complexity: measures and methods
On Weyuker's Axioms for Software Complexity Measures
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Properties of Control-Flow Complexity Measures
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
An Entropy-Based Measure of Software Complexity
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering - Special issue on software measurement principles, techniques, and environments
A formal program complexity model and its application
Journal of Systems and Software
Shotgun correlations in software measures
Software Engineering Journal
Defining and validating high-level design metrics
Defining and validating high-level design metrics
A goal-driven definition process for product metrics based on properties
A goal-driven definition process for product metrics based on properties
On the criteria to be used in decomposing systems into modules
Communications of the ACM
Software Metrics: A Rigorous Approach
Software Metrics: A Rigorous Approach
Elements of Software Science (Operating and programming systems series)
Elements of Software Science (Operating and programming systems series)
Software Measurement: A Necessary Scientific Basis
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
A Metrics Suite for Object Oriented Design
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Algebraic Models and Metric Validation
Proceedings of the BCS-FACS Workshop on Formal Aspects of Measurement
How reuse influences productivity in object-oriented systems
Communications of the ACM
A Validation of Object-Oriented Design Metrics as Quality Indicators
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Comments on "Towards a Framework for Software Measurement Validation"
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Comments on "Property-Based Software Engineering Measurement: Refining the Additivity Properties"
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Reply to: "Property-Based Software Engineering Measurement"
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
What's wrong with software engineering research methodology
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
An Evaluation of the MOOD Set of Object-Oriented Software Metrics
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Managerial Use of Metrics for Object-Oriented Software: An Exploratory Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
A Unified Framework for Coupling Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Investigating quality factors in object-oriented designs: an industrial case study
Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Software engineering
Metrics in the software engineering curriculum
Annals of Software Engineering - Special issue on software engineering education
Defining and Validating Measures for Object-Based High-Level Design
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Proceedings of the Conference on The Future of Software Engineering
Validation of an Approach for Improving Existing Measurement Frameworks
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Modeling Development Effort in Object-Oriented Systems Using Design Properties
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering - Special section on the seventh international software metrics symposium
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM symposium on Applied computing
A Hierarchical Model for Object-Oriented Design Quality Assessment
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Computational intelligence as an emerging paradigm of software engineering
SEKE '02 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Software engineering and knowledge engineering
Process Modelling and Empirical Studies of Software Evolution(PMESSE‘97) Workshop Report
Empirical Software Engineering
A Unified Framework for Cohesion Measurement in Object-OrientedSystems
Empirical Software Engineering
An Investigation into the Applicability and Validity ofObject-Oriented Design Metrics
Empirical Software Engineering
Empirical Software Engineering
Replicated Case Studies for Investigating Quality Factorsin Object-Oriented Designs
Empirical Software Engineering
Table Oriented Metrics for Relational Databases
Software Quality Control
Statistical Methods for Predicting and Improving Cohesion Using Information Flow: An Empirical Study
Software Quality Control
Using Card Sorts to Elicit Web Page Quality Attributes
IEEE Software
An Operational Process for Goal-Driven Definition of Measures
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Assessing the applicability of fault-proneness models across object-oriented software projects
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Methodological Approach to Software Quality Assurance through High-Level Object-Oriented Metrics
OOIS '02 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Object-Oriented. Information Systems
A Controlled Experiment for Validating Class Diagram Structural Complexity Metrics
OOIS '02 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Object-Oriented. Information Systems
Recovering High-Level Structure of Software Systems Using a Minimum Description Length Principle
AICS '02 Proceedings of the 13th Irish International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
Measuring for Database Programs Maintainability
DEXA '00 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications
From diagnosis to diagnosability: axiomatization, measurement and application
Journal of Systems and Software
Multi-View Software Evolution: A UML-based Framework for Evolving Object-Oriented Software
ICSM '01 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM'01)
Entropies as Measures of Software Information
ICSM '01 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM'01)
Metrics for data warehouse quality
Effective databases for text & document management
Measuring cohesion of packages in Ada95
Proceedings of the 2003 annual ACM SIGAda international conference on Ada: the engineering of correct and reliable software for real-time & distributed systems using ada and related technologies
A comparative study of graph theory-based class cohesion measures
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
A comparison of metrics for UML class diagrams
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
Coupling and cohesion metrics for knowledge-based systems using frames and rules
ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM)
Characterizing a data model for software measurement
Journal of Systems and Software - Special issue: The new context for software engineering education and training
Class Point: An Approach for the Size Estimation of Object-Oriented Systems
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Measuring class cohesion based on dependence analysis
Journal of Computer Science and Technology
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
A family of experiments to validate metrics for software process models
Journal of Systems and Software
Applicability of Weyuker's Property 9 to Object Oriented Metrics
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
The interpretation and utility of three cohesion metrics for object-oriented design
ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM)
Predicting fault-prone components in a java legacy system
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM/IEEE international symposium on Empirical software engineering
Program restructuring using clustering techniques
Journal of Systems and Software - Special issue: Selected papers from the 4th source code analysis and manipulation (SCAM 2004) workshop
Measurement theory and validation criteria for software complexity measures
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
Identifying and characterizing change-prone classes in two large-scale open-source products
Journal of Systems and Software
Measurement theory and validation criteria for software complexity measures
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
A model of design decision making based on empirical results of interviews with software designers
Information and Software Technology
Validating modified cognitive complexity measure
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
API-Based and Information-Theoretic Metrics for Measuring the Quality of Software Modularization
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Design by Contract to Improve Software Vigilance
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Metrics for data warehouse conceptual models understandability
Information and Software Technology
Complexity Measures for Secure Service-Oriented Software Architectures
PROMISE '07 Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Predictor Models in Software Engineering
Assessment Of Coupling And Cohesion For Component-Based Software By Using Shannon Languages
Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science
A complexity measure for UML component-based system specification
Software—Practice & Experience
Perceived vs. measured quality of conceptual schemas: an experimental comparison
ER '07 Tutorials, posters, panels and industrial contributions at the 26th international conference on Conceptual modeling - Volume 83
Model-based functional size measurement
Proceedings of the Second ACM-IEEE international symposium on Empirical software engineering and measurement
Refining the axiomatic definition of internal software attributes
Proceedings of the Second ACM-IEEE international symposium on Empirical software engineering and measurement
Using Controlled Experiments for Validating UML Statechart Diagrams Measures
Software Process and Product Measurement
Identifying and Improving Reusability Based on Coupling Patterns
ICSR '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Software Reuse: High Confidence Software Reuse in Large Systems
ICCSA '08 Proceedings of the international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications, Part II
Measuring Complexity of Object Oriented Programs
ICCSA '08 Proceedings of the international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications, Part II
Dynamic analysis of Ada programs for comprehension and quality measurement
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM annual international conference on SIGAda annual international conference
SEMANTIC METRICS: METRICS BASED ON SEMANTIC ASPECTS OF SOFTWARE
Applied Artificial Intelligence
Evaluation of object-oriented spatial complexity measures
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
Component-based metrics applying the strength of dependency between classes
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM symposium on Applied Computing
A theoretical and empirical analysis of a TTCN-3 coupling metric
ECC'08 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on European computing conference
Package coupling measurement in object-oriented software
Journal of Computer Science and Technology
Weyuker's Properties, Language Independency and Object Oriented Metrics
ICCSA '09 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications: Part II
Semantic oriented ontology cohesion metrics for ontology-based systems
Journal of Systems and Software
A probability-based approach for measuring external attributes of software artifacts
ESEM '09 Proceedings of the 2009 3rd International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement
Transactions and paths: Two use case based metrics which improve the early effort estimation
ESEM '09 Proceedings of the 2009 3rd International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement
Measuring the Quality of Service Oriented Design
ICSOC-ServiceWave '09 Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Service-Oriented Computing
Measuring design testability of a UML class diagram
Information and Software Technology
Benchmarking-oriented analysis of source code quality: experiences with the QBench approach
SE '08 Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering
The impact of structural complexity on the understandability of UML statechart diagrams
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Summary of the 2006 model size metrics workshop
MoDELS'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Models in software engineering
Measuring the quality of entity relationship diagrams
ER'00 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Conceptual modeling
Problems adopting metrics from other disciplines
Proceedings of the 2010 ICSE Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Metrics
On the use of weighted sums in the definition of measures
Proceedings of the 2010 ICSE Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Metrics
Information and Software Technology
The role of the measure of functional complexity in effort estimation
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Predictive Models in Software Engineering
Assessment of usability metrics for object-oriented software system
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
Inheritance metrics: what do they measure?
Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on MechAnisms for SPEcialization, Generalization and inHerItance
Usability Estimation of Software System by using Object-Oriented Metrics
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
Some issues in the 'archaeology' of software evolution
GTTSE'09 Proceedings of the 3rd international summer school conference on Generative and transformational techniques in software engineering III
Dynamic cohesion measures for object-oriented software
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Sustainability evaluation of software architectures: a systematic review
Proceedings of the joint ACM SIGSOFT conference -- QoSA and ACM SIGSOFT symposium -- ISARCS on Quality of software architectures -- QoSA and architecting critical systems -- ISARCS
Cohesion and coupling metrics for ontology modules
Information Technology and Management
Assessing the maintainability of software product line feature models using structural metrics
Software Quality Control
Assessment of maintainability metrics for object-oriented software system
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
Validation of dynamic coupling metrics for object-oriented software
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
Assessing architectural evolution: a case study
Empirical Software Engineering
Metrics for BPEL process context-independency analysis
Service Oriented Computing and Applications
Using structural and textual information to capture feature coupling in object-oriented software
Empirical Software Engineering
Defect proneness estimation and feedback approach for software design quality improvement
Information and Software Technology
Remodularizing Java programs for improved locality of feature implementations in source code
Science of Computer Programming
ICCSA'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications - Volume Part II
A set of quality indicators and their corresponding metrics for conceptual models of data warehouses
DaWaK'05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Data Warehousing and Knowledge Discovery
A coupling metric applying the characteristics of components
ICCSA'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications - Volume Part IV
Component architecture redesigning approach using component metrics
AIS'04 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on AI, Simulation, and Planning in High Autonomy Systems
OTM'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: AWeSOMe, CAMS, COMINF, IS, KSinBIT, MIOS-CIAO, MONET - Volume Part I
Blueprints and measures for ETL workflows
ER'05 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Conceptual Modeling
The ability of object-oriented metrics to predict change-proneness: a meta-analysis
Empirical Software Engineering
Identification of defect-prone classes in telecommunication software systems using design metrics
Information Sciences: an International Journal
An empirical study of the nesting level of composite states within UML statechart diagrams
ER'05 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Perspectives in Conceptual Modeling
Measuring the size of changes in automotive software systems and their impact on product quality
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Product Focused Software Development and Process Improvement
An evaluation of function point counting based on measurement-oriented models
EASE'08 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering
Quality indicators for business process models from a gateway complexity perspective
Information and Software Technology
Complexity metrics for cascading style sheets
ICCSA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications - Volume Part IV
Object-Oriented Inheritance Metrics in the Context of Cognitive Complexity
Fundamenta Informaticae - Knowledge Technology
On the definition of dynamic software measures
Proceedings of the ACM-IEEE international symposium on Empirical software engineering and measurement
An empirical study of aspect-oriented metrics
Science of Computer Programming
Complexity metric for multidimensional models for data warehouse
Proceedings of the CUBE International Information Technology Conference
Survey of object-oriented metrics: focusing on validation and formal specification
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
A systematic review of quality attributes and measures for software product lines
Software Quality Control
Journal of Systems and Software
Outsourcing location selection with SODA: a requirements based decision support methodology and tool
CAiSE'13 Proceedings of the 25th international conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering
Object-oriented class maintainability prediction using internal quality attributes
Information and Software Technology
UsageQoS: Estimating the QoS of Web Services through Online User Communities
ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB)
Towards system analysis with variability model metrics
Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Variability Modelling of Software-Intensive Systems
An in-depth study of the potentially confounding effect of class size in fault prediction
ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM)
Mining the impact of evolution categories on object-oriented metrics
Software Quality Control
Hybrid Analytic Flows-the Case for Optimization
Fundamenta Informaticae - Scalable Workflow Enactment Engines and Technology
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Little theory exists in the field of software system measurement. Concepts such as complexity, coupling, cohesion or even size are very often subject to interpretation and appear to have inconsistent definitions in the literature. As a consequence, there is little guidance provided to the analyst attempting to define proper measures for specific problems. Many controversies in the literature are simply misunderstandings and stem from the fact that some people talk about different measurement concepts under the same label (complexity is the most common case).There is a need to define unambiguously the most important measurement concepts used in the measurement of software products. One way of doing so is to define precisely what mathematical properties characterize these concepts, regardless of the specific software artifacts to which these concepts are applied. Such a mathematical framework could generate a consensus in the software engineering community and provide a means for better communication among researchers, better guidelines for analysts, and better evaluation methods for commercial static analyzers for practitioners.In this paper, we propose a mathematical framework which is generic, because it is not specific to any particular software artifact, and rigorous, because it is based on precise mathematical concepts. We use this framework to propose definitions of several important measurement concepts (size, length, complexity, cohesion, coupling). It does not intend to be complete or fully objective; other frameworks could have been proposed and different choices could have been made. However, we believe that the formalisms and properties we introduce are convenient and intuitive. This framework contributes constructively to a firmer theoretical ground of software measurement.