An experimental evaluation of the assumption of independence in multiversion programming
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Designing micro-based systems for fail-safe travel
IEEE Spectrum
Data Diversity: An Approach to Software Fault Tolerance
IEEE Transactions on Computers - Fault-Tolerant Computing
Software diversity in computerized control systems
Software diversity in computerized control systems
Conceptual Modeling of Coincident Failures in Multiversion Software
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Modeling of Correlated Failures and Community Error Recovery in Multiversion Software
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
The cleanroom approach to quality software development
The cleanroom approach to quality software development
Validation of ultrahigh dependability for software-based systems
Communications of the ACM
Handbook of software reliability engineering
Handbook of software reliability engineering
An experimental evaluation of simple methods for seeding program errors
ICSE '85 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Software engineering
Modeling the Effects of Combining Diverse Software Fault Detection Techniques
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
A reply to the criticisms of the Knight & Leveson experiment
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
Software Fault Tolerance
Operational Profiles in Software-Reliability Engineering
IEEE Software
Software Dependability in the Tandem GUARDIAN System
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Design Considerations in Boeing 777 Fly-By-Wire Computers
HASE '98 The 3rd IEEE International Symposium on High-Assurance Systems Engineering
Conceptual Models for the Reliability of Diverse Systems - New Results
FTCS '98 Proceedings of the The Twenty-Eighth Annual International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing
Avionics software problem occurrence rates
ISSRE '96 Proceedings of the The Seventh International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering
Software Rejuvenation: Analysis, Module and Applications
FTCS '95 Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing
FTCS '95 Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing
Heterogeneous networking: a new survivability paradigm
Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on New security paradigms
The Reliability of Diverse Systems: A Contribution Using Modelling of the Fault Creation Process
DSN '01 Proceedings of the 2001 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (formerly: FTCS)
Towards a Control-Theoretical Approach to Software Fault-Tolerance
QSIC '04 Proceedings of the Quality Software, Fourth International Conference
Malware resistant networking using system diversity
Proceedings of the 6th conference on Information technology education
Diversity as a computer defense mechanism
NSPW '05 Proceedings of the 2005 workshop on New security paradigms
Fault Tolerance via Diversity for Off-the-Shelf Products: A Study with SQL Database Servers
IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
Diversity and fault avoidance for dependable replication systems
Information Processing Letters
Leveraging complexity in software for cybersecurity
Proceedings of the 5th Annual Workshop on Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Research: Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Challenges and Strategies
Low-level software security: attacks and defenses
Foundations of security analysis and design IV
Achieving software robustness via large-scale multiagent systems
Software engineering for large-scale multi-agent systems
Using allopoietic agents in replicated software to respond to errors, faults, and attacks
Proceedings of the 48th Annual Southeast Regional Conference
Finding upper bounds for software failure probabilities – experiments and results
SAFECOMP'05 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security
Safety demonstration and software development
SAFECOMP'07 Proceedings of the 26th international conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security
A software architecture for Twitter collection, search and geolocation services
Knowledge-Based Systems
Functional Link Artificial Neural Networks for Software Cost Estimation
International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation
Using portfolio theory to diversify the dynamic allocation of web services in the cloud
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Information and Software Technology
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Design diversity has been used for many years now as a means of achieving a degree of fault tolerance in software-based systems. While there is clear evidence that the approach can be expected to deliver some increase in reliability compared to a single version, there is no agreement about the extent of this. More importantly, it remains difficult to evaluate exactly how reliable a particular diverse fault-tolerant system is. This difficulty arises because assumptions of independence of failures between different versions have been shown to be untenable: assessment of the actual level of dependence present is therefore needed, and this is difficult. In this tutorial, we survey the modeling issues here, with an emphasis upon the impact these have upon the problem of assessing the reliability of fault-tolerant systems. The intended audience is one of designers, assessors, and project managers with only a basic knowledge of probabilities, as well as reliability experts without detailed knowledge of software, who seek an introduction to the probabilistic issues in decisions about design diversity.