di/dt Noise in CMOS Integrated Circuits
Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing - Special issue: analog design issues in digital VSLI circuits and systems
Power distribution in high-performance design
ISLPED '98 Proceedings of the 1998 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Timing optimization through clock skew scheduling
Timing optimization through clock skew scheduling
Future performance challenges in nanometer design
Proceedings of the 38th annual Design Automation Conference
Inductive Characteristics of Power Distribution Grids in High Speed Integrated Circuits
ISQED '02 Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design
IPDI '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on IC/Package Design Integration
Frequency Characteristics of High Speed Power Distribution Grids
Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing
Impedance characteristics of power distribution grids in nanoscale integrated circuits
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems - Nanoelectronic circuits and systems
Full-chip multilevel routing for power and signal integrity
Integration, the VLSI Journal
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The design of power distribution networks in high performance integrated circuits has become significantly more challenging with recent advances in process technology. As on-chip currents exceed tens of amperes and circuit clock periods are reduced well below a nanosecond, the signal integrity of the on-chip power supply has become a primary concern in integrated circuit design. The existing work on power distribution noise scaling is reviewed and extended to include the scaling of the inductance of the on-chip global power distribution networks in high performance flip-chip packaged integrated circuits. As the dimensions of the on-chip devices are scaled by S, where Sρ1, the resistive voltage drop across the power grids remains constant and the inductive voltage drop increases by S, if the metal thickness is maintained constant. Consequently, the signal-to-noise ratio decreases by S in the case of resistive noise and by S2 in the case of inductive noise. As compared to the constant metal thickness scenario, ideal interconnect scaling in the global power grid mitigates unfavorable scaling of the inductive noise but exacerbates the scaling of resistive noise by a factor of S. On-chip inductive noise will therefore become of greater significance with technology scaling. Careful tradeoffs between the resistance and inductance of the power distribution networks will be necessary in nanometer technologies to achieve minimum power supply noise levels.