Comparative Evaluation of Large Data Model Representation Methods: The Analyst's Perspective
ER '02 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Conceptual Modeling
Evaluating the Quality of Process Models: Empirical Testing of a Quality Framework
ER '02 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Conceptual Modeling
Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering
Evaluating modeling techniques based on models of learning
Communications of the ACM - Service-oriented computing
Using ontology to validate conceptual models
Communications of the ACM - Service-oriented computing
An experimental examination of property precedence in conceptual modelling
APCCM '04 Proceedings of the first Asian-Pacific conference on Conceptual modelling - Volume 31
Toward Formalizing Domain Modeling Semantics in Language Syntax
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Ontological Evaluation of Enterprise Systems Interoperability Using ebXML
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice
Comparing Relationships in Conceptual Modeling: Mapping to Semantic Classifications
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
A unified modelling language without referential redundancy
Data & Knowledge Engineering - Special issue: Quality in conceptual modeling
Complexity and clarity in conceptual modeling: comparison of mandatory and optional properties
Data & Knowledge Engineering - Special issue: Quality in conceptual modeling
Data & Knowledge Engineering - Special issue: Quality in conceptual modeling
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
Candidate interoperability standards: An ontological overlap analysis
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Information Systems Research
Understanding Conceptual Schemas: Exploring the Role of Application and IS Domain Knowledge
Information Systems Research
Toward a formal research framework for ontological analyses
Advanced Engineering Informatics
Investigating Coherence and Multimedia Effects of a Technology-Mediated Collaborative Environment
Journal of Management Information Systems
Journal of Management Information Systems
Evaluating quality of conceptual modelling scripts based on user perceptions
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Defining and validating metrics for assessing the understandability of entity-relationship diagrams
Data & Knowledge Engineering
A practical guide to testing the understandability of notations
APCCM '08 Proceedings of the fifth Asia-Pacific conference on Conceptual Modelling - Volume 79
Perceived vs. measured quality of conceptual schemas: an experimental comparison
ER '07 Tutorials, posters, panels and industrial contributions at the 26th international conference on Conceptual modeling - Volume 83
Epistemological perspectives on ontology-based theories for conceptual modeling
Applied Ontology - Ontological Foundations of Conceptual Modelling
MoDELS '08 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems
What's in a Relationship: An Ontological Analysis
ER '08 Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling
Empirical Software Engineering
A survey on summarizability issues in multidimensional modeling
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Activity labeling in process modeling: Empirical insights and recommendations
Information Systems
The impact of structural complexity on the understandability of UML statechart diagrams
Information Sciences: an International Journal
The measurement of perceived ontological deficiencies of conceptual modeling grammars
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Extending representational analysis: BPMN user and developer perspectives
BPM'07 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Business process management
Conceptual modeling of causal map: Object oriented causal map
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Improving the usability of standard schemas
Information Systems
Criteria of progress for information systems design theories
Information Systems and e-Business Management
Evaluating requirements modeling methods based on user perceptions: A family of experiments
Information Sciences: an International Journal
ACIIDS'11 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Intelligent information and database systems - Volume Part II
Design science in information systems research
MIS Quarterly
Information and Software Technology
A model-driven approach for enforcing summarizability in multidimensional modeling
ER'11 Proceedings of the 30th international conference on Advances in conceptual modeling: recent developments and new directions
Modelling ontology use for information systems
WM'05 Proceedings of the Third Biennial conference on Professional Knowledge Management
The association construct in conceptual modelling – an analysis using the bunge ontological model
CAiSE'05 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering
Comparing the control-flow of EPC and petri net from the end-user perspective
BPM'05 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Business Process Management
QoSA'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Quality of Software Architectures: research into Practice - Reality and Gaps
Evaluating quality of conceptual models based on user perceptions
ER'06 Proceedings of the 25th international conference on Conceptual Modeling
Experimental research on conceptual modeling: what should we be doing and why?
ER'06 Proceedings of the 25th international conference on Conceptual Modeling
Agent roles, qua individuals and the counting problem
Software Engineering for Multi-Agent Systems IV
Empirical-WebGen: a web-based environment for the automatic generation of surveys and experiments
EASE'08 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering
Epistemological perspectives on ontology-based theories for conceptual modeling
Applied Ontology - Ontological Foundations of Conceptual Modelling
Understanding understandability of conceptual models --- what are we actually talking about?
ER'12 Proceedings of the 31st international conference on Conceptual Modeling
Rules from cognition for conceptual modelling
ER'12 Proceedings of the 31st international conference on Conceptual Modeling
Modeling Approach for Integration and Evolution of Information System Conceptualizations
International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design
A Look Behind Conceptual Modeling Constructs in Information System Analysis and Design
International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design
Comparing the Effect of Use Case Format on End User Understanding of System Requirements
Journal of Information Technology Research
Journal of Database Management
Journal of Database Management
The hole in the whole: a response to Allen and March
MIS Quarterly
Comparing functionality of software systems: An ontological approach
Data & Knowledge Engineering
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An important feature of some conceptual modelling grammars is the features they provide to allow database designers to show real-world thingsmay ormay not possess a particular attribute or relationship. In the entity-relationship model, for example, the fact that a thing may not possess an attribute can be represented by using a special symbol to indicate that the attribute is optional. Similarly, the fact that a thing may or may not be involved in a relationship can be represented by showing the minimum cardinality of the relationship as zero. Whether these practices should be followed, however, is a contentious issue. An alternative approach is to eliminate optional attributes and relationships from conceptual schema diagrams by using subtypes that have only mandatory attributes and relationships.In this paper, we first present a theory that led us to predict that optional attributes and relationships should be used in conceptual schema diagrams only when users of the diagrams require a surface-level understanding of the domain being represented by the diagrams. When users require a deep-level understanding, however, optional attributes and relationships should not be used because they undermine users' abilities to grasp important domain semantics. We describe three experiments which we then undertook to test our predictions. The results of the experiments support our predictions.