Electronic calendars in the office: an assessment of user needs and current technology
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Programmable user models for predictive evaluation of interface designs
CHI '89 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Unified theories of cognition
Conceptions of the discipline of HCI: craft, applied science, and engineering
Proceedings of the fifth conference of the British Computer Society, Human-Computer Interaction Specialist Group on People and computers V
Integrating cognitive and system models in human computer interaction
Proceedings of the fifth conference of the British Computer Society, Human-Computer Interaction Specialist Group on People and computers V
Formal methods in human-computer interaction
Formal methods in human-computer interaction
Programming from specifications
Programming from specifications
A visual calendar for scheduling group meetings
CSCW '90 Proceedings of the 1990 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work
Display-based action at the user interface
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
The cognitive walkthrough method: a practitioner's guide
Usability inspection methods
A formal technique for automated dialogue development
Proceedings of the 1st conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, & techniques
The GOMS family of user interface analysis techniques: comparison and contrast
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Training software engineers in a novel usability evaluation technique
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Social, individual and technological issues for groupware calendar systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Distributed cognition: toward a new foundation for human-computer interaction research
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on human-computer interaction in the new millennium, Part 2
Systems, interactions, and macrotheory
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on human-computer interaction in the new millennium, Part 2
Usability analysis with Markov models
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
Group and Individual Time Management Tools: What You Get is Not What You Need
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
IEEE Software
Simple cognitive modeling in a complex cognitive architecture
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Detecting Multiple Classes of User Errors
EHCI '01 Proceedings of the 8th IFIP International Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction
From a Formal User Model to Design Rules
DSV-IS '02 Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Interactive Systems. Design, Specification, and Verification
System Specification and Refinement in Temporal Logic
Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science
Introduction to this special issue on cognitive architectures and human-computer interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Analyzing human-computer interaction as distributed cognition: the resources model
Human-Computer Interaction
Interaction design for a mobile context-aware system using discrete event modelling
ACSC '06 Proceedings of the 29th Australasian Computer Science Conference - Volume 48
Simulating HCI for special needs
ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing - ASSETS 2007 doctoral consortium
Automatic evaluation of assistive interfaces
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
A bisimulation-based approach to the analysis of human-computer interaction
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
DSVIS'06 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Interactive systems: Design, specification, and verification
On the benefit of synergistic model-based approach forsafety critical interactive system testing
TAMODIA'07 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Task models and diagrams for user interface design
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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Models of interactive systems can be used to answer focused questions about those systems. Making the appropriate choice of modelling technique depends on what questions are being asked. We present two styles of interactive system model and associated verification method. We show how they contrast in terms of tractability, inspectability of assumptions, level of abstraction and reusability of model fragments. These trade-offs are discussed. We discuss how they can be used as part of an integrated formal approach to the analysis of interactive systems where the different formal techniques focus on specific problems raised by empirical investigations. Explanations resulting from the formal analyses can be validated with respect to the empirical data.The first modelling style, which we term 'operational', is derived directly from principles of rationality that constrain which user behaviours are modelled. Modelling involves laying out user knowledge of the system and task, and their goals, then applying the principles to reason about the space of rational behaviours. This style supports reasoning about user knowledge and the consequences of particular knowledge in terms of likely behaviours. It is well suited to reasoning about interactions where user knowledge is a key to successful interaction. Such models can readily be implemented as computer programs; one such implementation is presented here.Models of the second style, 'abstract', are derived from the operational models and thus retain important aspects of rationality. As a result of the simplification, mathematical proof about selected properties of the interactive system, such as safety properties, can be tractably applied to these models. This style is well suited to cases where the user adopts particular strategies that can be represented succinctly within the model.We demonstrate the application of the two styles for understanding a reported phenomenon, using a case study on electronic diaries.