The use of name spaces in Plan 9
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Self-similarity in World Wide Web traffic: evidence and possible causes
Proceedings of the 1996 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Locality-aware request distribution in cluster-based network servers
Proceedings of the eighth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Energy-aware adaptation for mobile applications
Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
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SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Mysql
Every joule is precious: the case for revisiting operating system design for energy efficiency
EW 9 Proceedings of the 9th workshop on ACM SIGOPS European workshop: beyond the PC: new challenges for the operating system
Transaction Processing: Concepts and Techniques
Transaction Processing: Concepts and Techniques
The case for power management in web servers
Power aware computing
The Case for Higher-Level Power Management
HOTOS '99 Proceedings of the The Seventh Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems
Multi-tier caching of dynamic content for database-driven web sites
Multi-tier caching of dynamic content for database-driven web sites
On evaluating request-distribution schemes for saving energy in server clusters
ISPASS '03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software
Energy conservation policies for web servers
USITS'03 Proceedings of the 4th conference on USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems - Volume 4
ALS'00 Proceedings of the 4th annual Linux Showcase & Conference - Volume 4
Energy-efficient server clusters
PACS'02 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Power-aware computer systems
Energy-efficient and high-performance instruction fetch using a block-aware ISA
ISLPED '05 Proceedings of the 2005 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
MegaProto: 1 TFlops/10kW Rack Is Feasible Even with Only Commodity Technology
SC '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
Balancing power consumption in multiprocessor systems
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGOPS/EuroSys European Conference on Computer Systems 2006
Understanding and Designing New Server Architectures for Emerging Warehouse-Computing Environments
ISCA '08 Proceedings of the 35th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
Integrated 3D-stacked server designs for increasing physical density of key-value stores
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
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Dense servers trade performance at the node level for higher deployment density and lower power consumption as well as the possibility of reduced cost of ownership. System performance and the details of energy consumption for this class of servers, however, are not well understood. In this paper, we describe a research prototype designated as the Super Dense Server (SDS), which was optimized for high-density deployment. We describe its hardware features, show how they challenge the operating system and middleware, and describe how we have enhanced its software to handle these challenges. Our performance evaluation has shown that dense servers are a viable deployment alternative for the edge and application servers commonly found at conventional Web sites and large data centers. Using industry benchmarks, we have shown that SDS outperforms a comparable traditional server by almost a factor of 2 for CPU-bound electronic commerce workloads for the same space and roughly equivalent power budget. We have observed the same advantage in performance when SDS is compared to the alternative solution of virtualizing a high-end server to handle "scaled-down" workloads. We have also shown that SDS offers finer power management control than traditional servers, allowing higher energy efficiency per unit of computation. However, for high-intensity Web-serving workloads, SDS does not perform as well as a traditional server when many nodes must be configured into a cluster to provide a single system image. In that case, the limited memory of each SDS node reduces its performance scalability, and a traditional server is a better alternative. We have concluded that until technology advances allow denser packaging of memory or more efficient use of memory across nodes, the best performance and energy efficiency can be obtained by heterogeneous deployment of both traditional high-end and dense servers.