Speech recognition in SRI's resource management and ATIS systems
HLT '91 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
Stochastic representation of conceptual structure in the ATIS task
HLT '91 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
Augmented role filling capabilities for semantic interpretation of spoken language
HLT '91 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
A template matcher for robust NL interpretation
HLT '91 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
Interactive problem solving and dialogue in the ATIS domain
HLT '91 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
Evaluation of spoken language systems: the ATIS domain
HLT '90 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
The CMU air travel information service: understanding spontaneous speech
HLT '90 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
Syntactic and semantic knowledge in the DELPHI unification grammar
HLT '90 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
TINA: a natural language system for spoken language applications
Computational Linguistics
Machine Translation
A model for habitable and efficient dialogue management for natural language interaction
Natural Language Engineering
Gemini: a natural language system for spoken-language understanding
ACL '93 Proceedings of the 31st annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Experiments in evaluating interactive spoken language systems
HLT '91 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
The MIT ATIS system: February 1992 progress report
HLT '91 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
A portable approach to last resort parsing and interpretation
HLT '93 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology
The Semantic Linker: a new fragment combining method
HLT '93 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology
Gemini: a natural language system for spoken-language understanding
HLT '93 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology
Prosody/parse scoring and its application in ATIS
HLT '93 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology
Extracting clauses for spoken language understanding in conversational systems
EMNLP '02 Proceedings of the ACL-02 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing - Volume 10
Learning the structure of task-driven human-human dialogs
ACL-44 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Dialogue actions for natural language interfaces
IJCAI'95 Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Statistical language modeling combining N-gram and context-free grammars
ICASSP'93 Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE international conference on Acoustics, speech, and signal processing: speech processing - Volume II
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This paper describes an extension to the MIT ATIS (Air Travel Information Service) system, which allows it to answer a question when a full linguistic analysis fails. This "robust" parsing capability was achieved through minor extensions of pre-existing components already in place for the full linguistic analysis component. Robust parsing is applied only after a full analysis has failed, and it involves the two stages of 1) parsing a set of phrases and clauses, and 2) gluing them together to obtain a single semantic frame encoding the full meaning of the sentence. We have assessed the degree of success of the robust parsing mechanism through a breakdown of the performance of robustly parsed vs. fully parsed sentences on the October '91 "dry-run" test set. It was clear that the robust parser allowed us to answer many more questions correctly, as over a third of the sentences were not covered by the grammar. We also report here on the performance of the system on the February '92 test sentences, and discuss some issues with regard to the evaluation methodology.