Painterly rendering for animation
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The perception of shading and reflectance
Perception as Bayesian inference
Reflectance and texture of real-world surfaces
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
International Journal of Computer Vision
Non-Photorealistic Rendering
Machine Vision and Applications - Special issue: Human modeling, analysis, and synthesis
Reflectance from locally glossy thoroughly pitted surfaces
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers
Distortion in 3D shape estimation with changes in illumination
Proceedings of the 4th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
Visual equivalence: towards a new standard for image fidelity
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
Shape-dependent gloss correction
Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
On optimal resampling of view and illumination dependent textures
Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
A psychophysically validated metric for bidirectional texture data reduction
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2008 papers
On uniform resampling and gaze analysis of bidirectional texture functions
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
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The appearance of objects in natural scenes is determined by their reflectance, their 3D texture, their shape and by the nature of the illumination. Results of previous experiments using computer generated images of spheres with different reflectance modes and under different canonical illuminations suggested that perception of reflectance mode and illumination are basically confounded. In the present study we investigate whether the conclusions from the experiments with simplified rendered spheres can be extended to ecologically valid images. We use two sets of photographs of real spheres, the first set is taken from the Dror Database [Dror et al. 2001], with simple reflectance modes but complex natural illumination (e.g. desklamp, lab, foodcourt). The second set is taken from the Utrecht Oranges Database [Pont and Koenderink 2003], with simple canonical illumination but material consisting of both reflectance and 3D texture differences (e.g. orange, golf ball, christmas decoration).We find that, although to a lesser extent, even in images of complex objects, perception of material and illumination are basically confounded. Overall, illumination and material are confounded most when we present rendered spheres that differ only in reflectance mode under simple canonical illumination conditions. Interestingly, adding complex natural illumination containing higher order angular frequencies helps to disambiguate this confound in material judgments, but not in illumination judgments. Most helpful was the addition of 3D texture.