Principles of CMOS VLSI design: a systems perspective
Principles of CMOS VLSI design: a systems perspective
Power analysis of embedded software: a first step towards software power minimization
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems - Special issue on low-power design
Advanced compiler design and implementation
Advanced compiler design and implementation
Instruction-level power estimation for embedded VLIW cores
CODES '00 Proceedings of the eighth international workshop on Hardware/software codesign
Power minimization derived from architectural-usage of VLIW processors
Proceedings of the 37th Annual Design Automation Conference
The design and use of simplepower: a cycle-accurate energy estimation tool
Proceedings of the 37th Annual Design Automation Conference
An instruction-level functionally-based energy estimation model for 32-bits microprocessors
Proceedings of the 37th Annual Design Automation Conference
Cycle-accurate energy consumption measurement and analysis: case study of ARM7TDMI
ISLPED '00 Proceedings of the 2000 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
An Accurate Instruction-Level Energy Consumption Model for Embedded RISC Processors
OM '01 Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGPLAN workshop on Optimization of middleware and distributed systems
ARM System Architecture
Software Power Estimation and Optimization for High Performance, 32-bit Embedded Processors
ICCD '98 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design
Instruction level power profiling
ICASSP '96 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1996. on Conference Proceedings., 1996 IEEE International Conference - Volume 06
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In order to design a successful low-energy VLSI system, concurrent energy reduction at hardware and software levels is needed. The available techniques for embedded software energy estimation either provide unusable average-case results or require prohibitively complex hardware setups for cycle-accurate results. This paper introduces a new methodology for high-level software energy estimation for embedded systems. The methodology produces cycle-accurate results independent of the energy characterization process. The executed instructions as well as the transitions on the wires are taken into consideration for estimating the energy. This allows tradeoff between the accuracy and the complexity of the model. The methodology is generic and makes no assumptions about the measurement techniques or the architecture of the processor. The introduced methodology also allows successive improvements in the estimation accuracy with each step towards final silicon. The embedded ARM7TDMI RISC processor is modeled with this methodology and the errors are found to be less than 10%. For energy optimization, the model provides excellent relative accuracy too. Taking advantage of the relative accuracy, different code transformation techniques are discussed and employed to gain 32% energy savings.