Demonstrating the electronic cocktail napkin: a paper-like interface for early design
Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Unified Modeling Language user guide
The Unified Modeling Language user guide
A software model and specification language for non-WIMP user interfaces
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Sketch based interfaces: early processing for sketch understanding
Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on Perceptive user interfaces
A toolkit approach to sketched diagram recognition
BCS-HCI '07 Proceedings of the 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: HCI...but not as we know it - Volume 1
Visual languages and visual thinking: sketch based interaction and modeling
Proceedings of the 6th Eurographics Symposium on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
SketchML a representation language for novel sketch recognition approach
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments
A Novel Recognition Approach for Sketch-Based Interfaces
ICIAP '09 Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
A visual approach to sketched symbol recognition
IJCAI'09 Proceedings of the 21st international jont conference on Artifical intelligence
ChemInk: a natural real-time recognition system for chemical drawings
Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
IMISketch: An interactive method for sketch recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
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We have created LADDER, the first language to describe how sketched diagrams in a domain are drawn, displayed, and edited. The difficulty in creating such a language is choosing a set of predefined entities that is broad enough to support a wide range of domains, while remaining narrow enough to be comprehensible. The language consists of predefined shapes, constraints, editing behaviors, and display methods, as well as a syntax for specifying a domain description sketch grammar and extending the language, ensuring that shapes and shape groups from many domains can be described. The language allows shapes to be built hierarchically (e.g., an arrow is built out of three lines), and includes the concept of "abstract shapes", analogous to abstract classes in an object oriented language. Shape groups describe how multiple domain shapes interact and can provide the sketch recognition system with information to be used in top-down recognition. Shape groups can also be used to describe "chain-reaction" editing commands that effect multiple shapes at once. To test that recognition is feasible using this language, we have built a simple domain-independent sketch recognition system that parses the domain descriptions and generates the code necessary to recognize the shapes.