Perceptual user interfaces: perceptual bandwidth
Communications of the ACM
Small Group Behavior Experiments in the Coven Project
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Virtual environments: Virtual environments and mobile robots: Control, simulation, and robot pilot training
An experiment on public speaking anxiety in response to three different types of virtual audience
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Performance and Co-Presence in Heterogeneous Haptic Collaboration
HAPTICS '03 Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems (HAPTICS'03)
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: Virtual heritage
Equilibrium Theory Revisited: Mutual Gaze and Personal Space in Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Small-Group Behavior in a Virtual and Real Environment: A Comparative Study
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence in Shared Virtual Environments and Virtual Togetherness
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Proxemics with multiple dynamic characters in an immersive virtual environment
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
See-through techniques for referential awareness in collaborative virtual reality
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
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Improving the sense of “presence” is a common goal of three-dimensional (3D) display technology for film, television, and virtual reality. However, there are instances in which 3D presentations may elicit unanticipated negative responses. For example, it is well established that violations of interpersonal space cause discomfort in real-world situations. Here we ask if people respond similarly when viewing life-sized stereoscopic images. Observers rated their level of comfort in response to animate and inanimate objects in live and virtual (stereoscopic projection) viewing conditions. Electrodermal activity was also recorded to monitor their physiological response to these stimuli. Observers exhibited significant negative reactions to violations of interpersonal space in stereoscopic 3D displays, which were equivalent to those experienced in the natural environment. These data have important implications for the creation of 3D media and the use of virtual reality systems.