Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Premier issue
Musings on telepresence and virtual presence
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Premier issue
Moving objects in space: exploiting proprioception in virtual-environment interaction
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Walking walking-in-place flying, in virtual environments
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
EGVE '02 Proceedings of the workshop on Virtual environments 2002
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The Influence of Rendering Quality on Presence And Task Performance in a Virtual Environment
VR '03 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2003
Effect of Latency on Presence in Stressful Virtual Environments
VR '03 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2003
Apprenticeship learning via inverse reinforcement learning
ICML '04 Proceedings of the twenty-first international conference on Machine learning
Teaching virtual characters how to use body language
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
The factor structure of the presence questionnaire
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in computer entertainment technology
Learning to move autonomously in a hostile world
SIGGRAPH '05 ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Sketches
Personal space in virtual reality
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
The Experience of Presence: Factor Analytic Insights
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Equilibrium Theory Revisited: Mutual Gaze and Personal Space in Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Using Presence Questionnaires in Reality
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Responsive characters from motion fragments
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
Near-optimal character animation with continuous control
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
Distributed path planning for mobile robots using a swarm of interacting reinforcement learners
Proceedings of the 6th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Simulating interactions of avatars in high dimensional state space
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Spatial Social Behavior in Second Life
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Male Bodily Responses during an Interaction with a Virtual Woman
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Real-Time Global Illumination for VR Applications
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Visual Realism Enhances Realistic Response in an Immersive Virtual Environment
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
HMD calibration and its effects on distance judgments
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Learning to Make Facial Expressions
DEVLRN '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 8th International Conference on Development and Learning
Real-time planning for parameterized human motion
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation
Learning behavior styles with inverse reinforcement learning
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
Comparing and evaluating real time character engines for virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Proxemics with multiple dynamic characters in an immersive virtual environment
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
Cultural behaviors of virtual agents in an augmented reality environment
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
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A reinforcement learning (RL) method was used to train a virtual character to move participants to a specified location. The virtual environment depicted an alleyway displayed through a wide field-of-view head-tracked stereo head-mounted display. Based on proxemics theory, we predicted that when the character approached within a personal or intimate distance to the participants, they would be inclined to move backwards out of the way. We carried out a between-groups experiment with 30 female participants, with 10 assigned arbitrarily to each of the following three groups: In the Intimate condition the character could approach within 0.38m and in the Social condition no nearer than 1.2m. In the Random condition the actions of the virtual character were chosen randomly from among the same set as in the RL method, and the virtual character could approach within 0.38m. The experiment continued in each case until the participant either reached the target or 7 minutes had elapsed. The distributions of the times taken to reach the target showed significant differences between the three groups, with 9 out of 10 in the Intimate condition reaching the target significantly faster than the 6 out of 10 who reached the target in the Social condition. Only 1 out of 10 in the Random condition reached the target. The experiment is an example of applied presence theory: we rely on the many findings that people tend to respond realistically in immersive virtual environments, and use this to get people to achieve a task of which they had been unaware. This method opens up the door for many such applications where the virtual environment adapts to the responses of the human participants with the aim of achieving particular goals.