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The application of metaphor, analogy, and conceptual models in computer systems
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Principles and guidelines in software user interface design
Principles and guidelines in software user interface design
Integrative modeling: changes in mental models during learning
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Navigation in a metaphorical computer interface: a study of analogical reasoning and mental models
Navigation in a metaphorical computer interface: a study of analogical reasoning and mental models
Mental models: concepts for human-computer interaction research
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Mental representations of programs by novices and experts
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Knowledge restructuring and the acquisition of programming expertise
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: 1969-1999, the 30th anniversary
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The Psychology of How Novices Learn Computer Programming
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Structural Knowledge: Techniques for Representing, Conveying, and Acquiring Structural Knowledge
Structural Knowledge: Techniques for Representing, Conveying, and Acquiring Structural Knowledge
Systematic selection and implementation of graphical user interface metaphors
Computers & Education
Interacting with Computers
Metaphor-based animation of OO programs
SoftVis '06 Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on Software visualization
The reification of metaphor as a design tool
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Animation Metaphors for Object-Oriented Concepts
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
Lightweight techniques for structural evaluation of animated metaphors
Interacting with Computers
Interacting with Computers
Children's navigation of hyperspace: are spatial skills important?
WBED'07 Proceedings of the sixth conference on IASTED International Conference Web-Based Education - Volume 2
Investigating Usability Metrics for the Design and Development of Applications for the Elderly
ICCHP '08 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs
The effects of visual versus verbal metaphors on novice and expert learners' performance
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: applications and services
Identifying user preferences with Wrapper-based Decision Trees
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Efficient electronic navigation: A metaphorical question?
Interacting with Computers
Influencing mental models of security: a research agenda
Proceedings of the 2011 workshop on New security paradigms workshop
The art of metaphor: a method for interface design based on mental models
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry
Mental models: setting user expectations for ICTs
Proceedings of the 2012 iConference
An investigation on Ribbon interface design guidelines for people with less computer literacy
Computer Standards & Interfaces
Text vs visual metaphor in mobile interfaces for novice user interaction
Information Services and Use - 16th International Conference on Electronic Publishing --ELPUB 2012 --Social Shaping of Digital Publishing: Exploring the Interplay between Culture and Technology
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The effects of metaphors on learning have been proved by many studies. Learners naturally invoke metaphors when learning new concepts because metaphors stimulate them to generate models of the domain to be learned. However, little evidence has been seen of metaphors' effect on developing learners' mental models. Since metaphors function by providing familiar concepts that help learners to construct new knowledge, metaphors' effects may be more apparent to novice learners. This study explores the effects of metaphors on both novice and expert learners' performance and their mental-model development as documented by three different measurement methods. It also examines the relationship between subjects' performance and their mental models. The results indicate that metaphors may facilitate novices' construction of integrative knowledge but not simple knowledge. In addition, metaphors may possibly have lasting effects on expert learning but the effects may not be seen immediately after learning.