Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video
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Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking
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Digital Watermarks for Audio Signals
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Proceedings of the twenty-second ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems
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Proceedings of the twenty-second ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems
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Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
A system for watermarking relational databases
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Constructing a virtual primary key for fingerprinting relational data
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Watermarking spatial trajectory database
DASFAA'05 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications
Effective approaches for watermarking XML data
DASFAA'05 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications
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Watermarking geographical data on spatial topological relations
Multimedia Tools and Applications
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Subset selection approach for watermarking relational databases
ICDEM'10 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Data Engineering and Management
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ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
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We enunciate the need for watermarking database relations to deter their piracy, identify the unique characteristics of relational data which pose new challenges for watermarking, and provide desirable properties of a watermarking system for relational data. A watermark can be applied to any database relation having attributes which are such that changes in a few of their values do not affect the applications. We then present an effective watermarking technique geared for relational data. This technique ensures that some bit positions of some of the attributes of some of the tuples contain specific values. The tuples, attributes within a tuple, bit positions in an attribute, and specific bit values are all algorithmically determined under the control of a private key known only to the owner of the data. This bit pattern constitutes the watermark. Only if one has access to the private key can the watermark be detected with high probability. Detecting the watermark neither requires access to the original data nor the watermark. The watermark can be detected even in a small subset of a watermarked relation as long as the sample contains some of the marks. Our extensive analysis shows that the proposed technique is robust against various forms of malicious attacks and updates to the data. Using an implementation running on DB2, we also show that the performance of the algorithms allows for their use in real world applications.