The responses of people to virtual humans in an immersive virtual environment
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: Collaborative information visualization environments
How Colorful Was Your Day? Why Questionnaires Cannot Assess Presence in Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Analyzing Ordinal Scales in Studies of Virtual Environments: Likert or Lump It!
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Predicting presence: Constructing the Tendency toward Presence Inventory
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Usability attributes in virtual learning environments
Proceedings of The 8th Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment: Playing the System
A further assessment of factors correlating with presence in immersive virtual environments
EGVE - JVRC'10 Proceedings of the 16th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments & Second Joint Virtual Reality
Towards evaluating social telepresence in mobile context
Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
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The problems of valid design of questionnaires and analysis of ordinal response data from questionnaires have had a long history in the psychological and social sciences. Gardner and Martin (2007, this issue) illustrate some of these problems with reference to an earlier paper (Garau, Slater, Pertaub, & Razzaque, 2005) that studied copresence with virtual characters within an immersive virtual environment. Here we review the critique of Gardner and Martin supporting their main arguments. However, we show that their critique could not take into account the historical circumstances of the experiment described in the paper, and moreover that a reanalysis using more appropriate statistical methods does not result in conclusions that are different from those reported in the original paper. We go on to argue that in general such questionnaire data is treated far too seriously, and that a different paradigm is needed for presence research---one where multivariate physiological and behavioral data is used alongside subjective and questionnaire data, with the latter not having any specially privileged role.