Being there: the subjective experience of presence
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Taking steps: the influence of a walking technique on presence in virtual reality
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on virtual reality software and technology
Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Marker Tracking and HMD Calibration for a Video-Based Augmented Reality Conferencing System
IWAR '99 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE and ACM International Workshop on Augmented Reality
Using Augmented Reality to Treat Phobias
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Interactions in Perceived Quality of Auditory-Visual Displays
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The Use of Questionnaire Data in Presence Studies: Do Not Seriously Likert
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Anxiety increases the feeling of presence in virtual reality
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The benefits of using a walking interface to navigate virtual environments
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Comparison of the levels of presence and anxiety in an acrophobic environment viewed via hmd or cave
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Behavioral avoidance dynamics in the presence of a virtual spider
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
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Acrophobia has been treated using exposure in imagination, exposure ''in vivo'' and Virtual Reality (VR). This paper presents the development of an Augmented Reality (AR) system and a VR system that includes acrophobic scenarios. A study involving both these systems and non-phobic users has been carried out in order to compare the levels of presence and anxiety. In the acrophobic scenario, the floor fell away and the walls rose up. 20 participants took part in this study. After using each system (AR or VR), the participants were asked to fill out an adapted SUS questionnaire [26], and paired t-tests and ANOVA analyses were applied to the data obtained. For the sense of presence and anxiety levels, we did not find differences between the systems using an experiment with enough sensitivity to detect differences as large as d=0.66. For the anxiety level, the results show that there is a significant difference between the level of anxiety felt at the moment before starting the experiment and the level felt during the different stages of the experiment. For the correlation between anxiety and presence, the results show very low correlation between anxiety and presence. These results suggest that AR is likely to be as effective as VR in treating acrophobia.