The CAVE: audio visual experience automatic virtual environment
Communications of the ACM
Being there: the subjective experience of presence
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence and performance within virtual environments
Virtual environments and advanced interface design
Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The Benefits of Statistical Visualization in an Immersive Environment
VR '99 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality
Designing for presence and performance: the case of the virtual fish tank
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Fourth international workshop on presence
Being and time: judged presence and duration as a function of media form
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Immersive Well-Path Editing: Investigating the Added Value of Immersion
VR '04 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2004
Using Augmented Reality to Treat Phobias
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Measuring Presence: A Response to the Witmer and Singer Presence Questionnaire
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Interactions in Perceived Quality of Auditory-Visual Displays
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Anxiety increases the feeling of presence in virtual reality
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Behavioral avoidance dynamics in the presence of a virtual spider
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
The role of display technology and individual differences on presence
Proceedings of the 28th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics
The relationship between individual characteristics and experienced presence
Computers in Human Behavior
Effects of virtual environment platforms on emotional responses
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
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People who suffer from acrophobia fear any situation that involves heights. Several virtual reality systems have been presented to treat this problem. This paper presents a comparison study of the levels of presence and anxiety in an acrophobic environment that is viewed using a computer automatic virtual environment (CAVE) and a head-mounted display (HMD). In this environment, the floor fell away and the walls rose up. To determine whether either of the two visualization systems induced a greater sense of presence/anxiety in non-phobic users, an experiment comparing the two visualization systems was carried out. Twenty-five participants took part in this study. After using each visualization system (HMD or CAVE), the participants were asked to fill out an adapted Slater et al. questionnaire (Slater, Usoh, & Steed, 1994), and a Student t test was applied to the data obtained. The CAVE induces a high level of presence in users. The mean score was 5.01 (where 7 is the maximum value), which was higher than the score obtained using the HMD which was 3.59. The Student t test indicates that there are significant statistical differences. The level of anxiety was also examined at different times during the experiment. The results indicate that both visualization systems provoke anxiety, but that the CAVE provokes more anxiety than the HMD. The animation in which the floor falls away is the one that provoked the most anxiety. The results from the correlation between the anxiety and the level of presence at the three times indicated a significant correlation between the two measures.