Virtual Reality Therapy: An Innovative Paradigm
Virtual Reality Therapy: An Innovative Paradigm
VR '02 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Conference 2002
Designing for presence and performance: the case of the virtual fish tank
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Fourth international workshop on presence
Fourth international workshop on presence II, May 2001: guest editors' introduction
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Being and time: judged presence and duration as a function of media form
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence equation: an investigation into cognitive factors underlying presence
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Effectiveness of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of arachnophobia using 3D games
Technology and Health Care
A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Effects of Sensory Information and Prior Experience on Direct Subjective Ratings of Presence
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Measuring Presence: A Response to the Witmer and Singer Presence Questionnaire
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
How Colorful Was Your Day? Why Questionnaires Cannot Assess Presence in Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Behavioral avoidance dynamics in the presence of a virtual spider
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
Comparison of the levels of presence and anxiety in an acrophobic environment viewed via hmd or cave
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Virtual experiences, physical behaviors: The effect of presence on imitation of an eating avatar
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
A virtual reality dialogue system for the treatment of social phobia
CHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Adaptive generation of emotional impact using enhanced virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Using auditory event-related EEG potentials to assess presence in virtual reality
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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Given previous studies indicating a significant correlation between anxiety and presence, the purpose of this investigation was to explore the direction of the causal relationship between them. The sample consisted of 31 adults suffering from snake phobia. The study featured a randomized within-between design with two conditions and three counterbalanced immersions: (a) a baseline control immersion (BASELINE), (b) an immersion in a threatening and anxiety-inducing environment (ANX), and (c) an immersion in a nonthreatening environment that should not induce anxiety (NOANX). In the NOANX environment, participants were immersed for 5 min in a virtual Egyptian desert. They were told that the environment was safe and contained no snakes. The ANX immersion was identical, except that participants were led to believe that a multitude of hidden and dangerous snakes were lurking in the environment. A period of distraction (reading a text on relaxation) separated the ANX and NOANX immersions. Experimenters recorded presence and anxiety in the middle of and after each VR immersion. These brief measures of presence supported our hypothesis and were significantly higher in the anxious immersion than in the baseline or the nonanxious immersion. This finding was not corroborated by the presence questionnaire, where scores varied significantly in the opposite direction. The results from the brief one-item measures of presence support the significant contribution of emotions felt during the immersion on the subjective feeling of presence. The mixed results with the presence questionnaire are discussed, along with psychological factors potentially involved in presence.