Being there: the subjective experience of presence
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Superior augmented reality registration by integrating landmark tracking and magnetic tracking
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Real-time vision-based camera tracking for augmented reality applications
VRST '97 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Efficient Region Tracking With Parametric Models of Geometry and Illumination
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Optical Flow Constraints on Deformable Models with Applications to Face Tracking
International Journal of Computer Vision
Physiological measures of presence in stressful virtual environments
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
3-D Motion Estimation in Model-Based Facial Image Coding
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Real-Time Visual Tracking of Complex Structures
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Hyperplane Approximation for Template Matching
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Motion Regularization for Model-Based Head Tracking
ICPR '96 Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR '96) Volume III-Volume 7276 - Volume 7276
Marker Tracking and HMD Calibration for a Video-Based Augmented Reality Conferencing System
IWAR '99 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE and ACM International Workshop on Augmented Reality
A real-time tracker for markerless augmented reality
ISMAR '03 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
A Wearable Augmented Reality System Using Positioning Infrastructures and a Pedometer
ISWC '03 Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
Combining Edge and Texture Information for Real-Time Accurate 3D Camera Tracking
ISMAR '04 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Invisible Marker Tracking for AR
ISMAR '04 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
ISWC '04 Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Wearable Computers
Using Augmented Reality to Treat Phobias
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Anxiety increases the feeling of presence in virtual reality
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
BragFish: exploring physical and social interaction in co-located handheld augmented reality games
ACE '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
Behavioral avoidance dynamics in the presence of a virtual spider
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
Evaluation of the quality of collaboration between the client and the therapist in phobia treatments
Interacting with Computers
A collaborative game to study the perception of presence during virtual co-location
Proceedings of the companion publication of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work & social computing
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Phobia towards small animals has been treated using exposure in vivo and virtual reality. Recently, augmented reality (AR) has also been presented as a suitable tool. The first AR system developed for this purpose used visible markers for tracking. In this first system, the presence of visible markers warns the user of the appearance of animals. To avoid this warning, this paper presents a second version in which the markers are invisible. First, the technical characteristics of a prototype are described. Second, a comparative study of the sense of presence and anxiety in a non-phobic population using the visible marker-tracking system and the invisible marker-tracking system is presented. Twenty-four participants used the two systems. The participants were asked to rate their anxiety level (from 0 to 10) at 8 different moments. Immediately after their experience, the participants were given the SUS questionnaire to assess their subjective sense of presence. The results indicate that the invisible marker-tracking system induces a similar or higher sense of presence than the visible marker-tracking system, and it also provokes a similar or higher level of anxiety in important steps for therapy. Moreover, 83.33% of the participants reported that they did not have the same sensations/surprise using the two systems, and they scored the advantage of using the invisible marker-tracking system (IMARS) at 5.19+/-2.25 (on a scale from 1 to 10). However, if only the group with higher fear levels is considered, 100% of the participants reported that they did not have the same sensations/surprise with the two systems, scoring the advantage of using IMARS at 6.38+/-1.60 (on a scale from 1 to 10).