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SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
User embodiment in collaborative virtual environments
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
The impact of eye gaze on communication using humanoid avatars
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Human conversation as a system framework: designing embodied conversational agents
Embodied conversational agents
Video-Mediated Communication
An experiment on public speaking anxiety in response to three different types of virtual audience
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The Cyborg's Dilemma: Embodiment in Virtual Environments
CT '97 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Cognitive Technology (CT '97)
Leadership and Collaboration in Shared Virtual Environments
VR '99 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality
Physiological reaction as an objective measure of presence in virtual environments
Physiological reaction as an objective measure of presence in virtual environments
An Overview of the COVEN Platform
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Equilibrium Theory Revisited: Mutual Gaze and Personal Space in Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Agency and presence: a common dependence on subjectivity?
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: 8th annual international workshop on presence II
The Uncanny Valley: Effect of Realism on the Impression of Artificial Human Faces
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Analyzing Ordinal Scales in Studies of Virtual Environments: Likert or Lump It!
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The Use of Questionnaire Data in Presence Studies: Do Not Seriously Likert
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The effects of empathetic virtual characters on presence in narrative-centered learning environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mediating Performance through Virtual Agents
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Virtual experiences, physical behaviors: The effect of presence on imitation of an eating avatar
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
The effects of virtual characters on audiences' movie experience
Interacting with Computers
Emotionally expressive avatars for chatting, learning and therapeutic intervention
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: intelligent multimodal interaction environments
That avatar is looking at me! social inhibition in virtual worlds
IVA'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent virtual agents
Virtual competitors influence rowers
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A virtual reality version of the trier social stress test: A pilot study
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
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This paper presents an experiment investigating the impact of behavior and responsiveness on social responses to virtual humans in an immersive virtual environment (IVE). A number of responses are investigated, including presence, copresence, and two physiological responses--heart rate and electrodermal activity (EDA). Our findings suggest that increasing agents' responsiveness even on a simple level can have a significant impact on certain aspects of people's social responses to humanoid agents.Despite being aware that the agents were computer-generated, participants with higher levels of social anxiety were significantly more likely to avoid "disturbing" them. This suggests that on some level people can respond to virtual humans as social actors even in the absence of complex interaction.Responses appear to be shaped both by the agents' behaviors and by people's expectations of the technology. Participants experienced a significantly higher sense of personal contact when the agents were visually responsive to them, as opposed to static or simply moving. However, this effect diminished with experienced computer users. Our preliminary analysis of objective heart-rate data reveals an identical pattern of responses.