A Computational Approach to Edge Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic: theory and applications
Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic: theory and applications
Recognizing Human Facial Expressions From Long Image Sequences Using Optical Flow
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Coding, Analysis, Interpretation, and Recognition of Facial Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recognizing Facial Expressions in Image Sequences Using Local Parameterized Models of Image Motion
International Journal of Computer Vision
An Analytic-to-Holistic Approach for Face Recognition Based on a Single Frontal View
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Classification of Single Facial Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine
Communications of the ACM
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Detection in Color Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Generating realistic facial expressions with wrinkles for model-based coding
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Face Recognition Using Active Appearance Models
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
Facial Expression Recognition Using a Neural Network
Proceedings of the Eleventh International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference
CVPR '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '96)
Feature-Point Tracking by Optical Flow Discriminates Subtle Differences in Facial Expression
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
Online Facial Expression Recognition Based on Personalized Galleries
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
On Importance of Nose for Face Tracking
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
A General Framework for Object Detection
ICCV '98 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision
SVM-based Nonparametric Discriminant Analysis, An Application to Face Detection
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
A generative framework for real time object detection and classification
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on eye detection and tracking
Neural Networks - Special issue: Emotion and brain
Parameterized facial expression synthesis based on MPEG-4
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Locating and extracting the eye in human face images
Pattern Recognition
A comparison of shape constrained facial feature detectors
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Authentic facial expression analysis
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Lip image segmentation using fuzzy clustering incorporating an elliptic shape function
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
FAP extraction using three-dimensional motion estimation
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Face detection and recognition of natural human emotion using Markov random fields
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Multimedia Tools and Applications
A game-based corpus for analysing the interplay between game context and player experience
ACII'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Affective computing and intelligent interaction - Volume Part II
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Adaptive facial expression recognition using inter-modal top-down context
ICMI '11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on multimodal interfaces
The thinking eye is only half the story: high-level semantic video surveillance
Information Polity - Special issue on Part 1: Revisiting the Surveillance Camera Revolution: Issues of Governance and Public Policy
Linear subspaces for facial expression recognition
Image Communication
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This paper presents a robust and adaptable facial feature extraction system used for facial expression recognition in human-computer interaction (HCI) environments. Such environments are usually uncontrolled in terms of lighting and color quality, as well as human expressivity and movement; as a result, using a single feature extraction technique may fail in some parts of a video sequence, while performing well in others. The proposed system is based on a multicue feature extraction and fusion technique, which provides MPEG-4-compatible features assorted with a confidence measure. This confidence measure is used to pinpoint cases where detection of individual features may be wrong and reduce their contribution to the training phase or their importance in deducing the observed facial expression, while the fusion process ensures that the final result regarding the features will be based on the extraction technique that performed better given the particular lighting or color conditions. Real data and results are presented, involving both extreme and intermediate expression/emotional states, obtained within the sensitive artificial listener HCI environment that was generated in the framework of related European projects.