Next century challenges: scalable coordination in sensor networks
MobiCom '99 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
System architecture directions for networked sensors
ASPLOS IX Proceedings of the ninth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Maté: a tiny virtual machine for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
The nesC language: A holistic approach to networked embedded systems
PLDI '03 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Impala: a middleware system for managing autonomic, parallel sensor systems
Proceedings of the ninth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming
Sensor Information Networking Architecture
ICPP '00 Proceedings of the 2000 International Workshop on Parallel Processing
The design of an acquisitional query processor for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
TinyGALS: a programming model for event-driven embedded systems
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Spatial Programming Using Smart Messages: Design and Implementation
ICDCS '04 Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'04)
EnviroTrack: Towards an Environmental Computing Paradigm for Distributed Sensor Networks
ICDCS '04 Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'04)
Hood: a neighborhood abstraction for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Energy-efficient surveillance system using wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Habitat monitoring with sensor networks
Communications of the ACM - Wireless sensor networks
Computer
Sensor network-based countersniper system
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
A wireless sensor network For structural monitoring
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Call and response: experiments in sampling the environment
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
A sensor network application construction kit (SNACK)
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
The dynamic behavior of a data dissemination protocol for network programming at scale
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Region streams: functional macroprogramming for sensor networks
DMSN '04 Proceeedings of the 1st international workshop on Data management for sensor networks: in conjunction with VLDB 2004
Programming ad-hoc networks of mobile and resource-constrained devices
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation
Design and implementation of a framework for efficient and programmable sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services
A dynamic operating system for sensor nodes
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Algorithms for generic role assignment in wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
VMSTAR: synthesizing scalable runtime environments for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Accuracy-aware data modeling in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Middleware: Middleware Challenges and Approaches for Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE Distributed Systems Online
Building up to macroprogramming: an intermediate language for sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Beyond event handlers: programming wireless sensors with attributed state machines
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
MANTIS OS: an embedded multithreaded operating system for wireless micro sensor platforms
Mobile Networks and Applications
t-kernel: providing reliable OS support to wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Run-time dynamic linking for reprogramming wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Protothreads: simplifying event-driven programming of memory-constrained embedded systems
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Supporting concurrent applications in wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
The Tenet architecture for tiered sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Abstractions for safe concurrent programming in networked embedded systems
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
The regiment macroprogramming system
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Why events are a bad idea (for high-concurrency servers)
HOTOS'03 Proceedings of the 9th conference on Hot Topics in Operating Systems - Volume 9
Programming sensor networks using abstract regions
NSDI'04 Proceedings of the 1st conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation - Volume 1
NSDI'05 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation - Volume 2
Model-driven data acquisition in sensor networks
VLDB '04 Proceedings of the Thirtieth international conference on Very large data bases - Volume 30
State-Centric Programming for Sensor-Actuator Network Systems
IEEE Pervasive Computing
Energy-quality tradeoffs for target tracking in wireless sensor networks
IPSN'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Event detection services using data service middleware in distributed sensor networks
IPSN'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Meteorology and hydrology in Yosemite national park: a sensor network application
IPSN'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Logical neighborhoods: a programming abstraction for wireless sensor networks
DCOSS'06 Proceedings of the Second IEEE international conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
Y-Threads: supporting concurrency in wireless sensor networks
DCOSS'06 Proceedings of the Second IEEE international conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
Macro-programming wireless sensor networks using Kairos
DCOSS'05 Proceedings of the First IEEE international conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
Semantic streams: a framework for composable semantic interpretation of sensor data
EWSN'06 Proceedings of the Third European conference on Wireless Sensor Networks
Middleware to support sensor network applications
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking
NavTag: An Inter-Working Framework Based on Tags for Symbolic Location Coordinates for Smart Spaces
UIC '09 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing
IPSN '09 Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
Supporting dynamic application programming environment in distributed sensor networks
ISWPC'09 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Wireless pervasive computing
An operator placement algorithm for complex in-network processing
INSS'09 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Networked sensing systems
UML2 activity diagram based programming of wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 2010 ICSE Workshop on Software Engineering for Sensor Network Applications
Programming wireless sensor networks: Fundamental concepts and state of the art
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Software Engineering for Sensor Network Applications
A survey on service-oriented middleware for wireless sensor networks
Service Oriented Computing and Applications
Programming sensor networks using REMORA component model
DCOSS'10 Proceedings of the 6th IEEE international conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
A goal-oriented programming framework for grid sensor networks with reconfigurable embedded nodes
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
CONFab: component based optimization of WSN protocol stacks using deployment feedback
Proceedings of the 10th ACM international symposium on Mobility management and wireless access
A fuzzy control framework for wireless sensor networks
International Journal of Sensor Networks
CrimeSPOT: A language and runtime for developing active wireless sensor network applications
Science of Computer Programming
Augmented materials: spatially embodied sensor networks
International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems
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Sensor networks have a significant potential in diverse applications some of which are already beginning to be deployed in areas such as environmental monitoring. As the application logic becomes more complex, programming difficulties are becoming a barrier to adoption of these networks. The difficulty in programming sensor networks is not only due to their inherently distributed nature but also the need for mechanisms to address their harsh operating conditions such as unreliable communications, faulty nodes, and extremely constrained resources. Researchers have proposed different programming models to overcome these difficulties with the ultimate goal of making programming easy while making full use of available resources. In this article, we first explore the requirements for programming models for sensor networks. Then we present a taxonomy of the programming models, classified according to the level of abstractions they provide. We present an evaluation of various programming models for their responsiveness to the requirements. Our results point to promising efforts in the area and a discussion of the future directions of research in this area.