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IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
ISWC '00 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
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ISWC '02 Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
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IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Refining visualization reference model for context information
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
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Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
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IEEE Transactions on Robotics
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Shared understanding for collaborative control
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
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Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
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Compasses have been used for centuries to express directions and are commonplace in many user interfaces; however, there has not been work in human-robotic interaction (HRI) to ascertain how different compass visualizations affect the interaction. This paper presents a HRI evaluation comparing two representative compass visualizations: top-down and in-world world-aligned. The compass visualizations were evaluated to ascertain which one provides better metric judgment accuracy, lowers workload, provides better situational awareness, is perceived as easier to use, and is preferred. Twenty-four participants completed a within-subject repeated measures experiment. The results agreed with the existing principles relating to 2D and 3D views, or projections of a three-dimensional scene, in that a top-down (2D view) compass visualization is easier to use for metric judgment tasks and a world-aligned (3D view) compass visualization yields faster performance for general navigation tasks. The implication for HRI is that the choice in compass visualization has a definite and non-trivial impact on operator performance (world-aligned was faster), situational awareness (top-down was better), and perceived ease of use (top-down was easier).