Iconic indexing by 2-D strings
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Efficient content-based indexing of large image databases
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals
Communications of the ACM
Image retrieval based on object's orientation spatial relationship
Pattern Recognition Letters - Special issue on image/video indexing and retrieval
Picture Similarity Retrieval Using the 2D Projection Interval Representation
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Virtual Images for Similarity Retrieval in Image Databases
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
A Region-Based Fuzzy Feature Matching Approach to Content-Based Image Retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A bit-pattern-based matrix strategy for efficient iconic indexing of symbolic pictures
Pattern Recognition Letters
Rotation invariant spherical harmonic representation of 3D shape descriptors
Proceedings of the 2003 Eurographics/ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Geometry processing
2D Z-string: a new spatial knowledge representation for image databases
Pattern Recognition Letters
Animating real-time realistic movements in small plants
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and South East Asia
Image Database Design Based on 9D-SPA Representation for Spatial Relations
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Retrieval by spatial similarity: an algorithm and a comparative evaluation
Pattern Recognition Letters
3D Acquisition of mirroring objects using striped patterns
Graphical Models
A Novel Evolutionary Approach for Optimizing Content-Based Image Indexing Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Binary Partition Tree for Semantic Object Extraction and Image Segmentation
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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Spatial relationships are important issues for similarity-based retrieval in many image database applications. With the popularity of digital cameras and the related image processing software, a sequence of images are often rotated or flipped. That is, those images are transformed in the rotation orientation or the reflection direction. However, many iconic indexing strategies based on symbolic projection are sensitive to rotation or reflection. Therefore, these strategies may miss the qualified images, when the query is issued in the orientation different from the orientation of the database images. To solve this problem, some researchers proposed a function to map the spatial relationship to its transformed one. However, this mapping consists of several conditional statements, which is time-consuming. Thus, in this paper, we propose an efficient iconic indexing strategy, in which we carefully assign a unique bit pattern to each spatial relationship and record the spatial information based on the bit patterns in a matrix. Without generating the rotated or flipped image, we can directly derive the index of the rotated or flipped image from the index of the original one by bit operations and matrix manipulation. In our performance study, we analyze the time complexity of our proposed strategy and show the efficiency of our proposed strategy according to the simulation results. Moreover, we implement a prototype to validate our proposed strategy.