Synchronizing clocks in the presence of faults
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
On the possibility and impossibility of achieving clock synchronization
Journal of Computer and System Sciences
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
EUROCRYPT '93 Workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques on Advances in cryptology
Fully Polynomial Byzantine Agreement for Processors in Rounds
SIAM Journal on Computing
Inexact agreement: accuracy, precision, and graceful degradation
Proceedings of the fourth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
The Byzantine Generals Problem
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
SPINS: security protocols for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Ariadne: a secure on-demand routing protocol for ad hoc networks
Proceedings of the 8th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
A key-management scheme for distributed sensor networks
Proceedings of the 9th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Fault-tolerant clock synchronization
PODC '84 Proceedings of the third annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
Pi: A Path Identification Mechanism to Defend against DDoS Attacks
SP '03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Random Key Predistribution Schemes for Sensor Networks
SP '03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - OSDI '02: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
On the security of public key protocols
On the security of public key protocols
Lightweight time synchronization for sensor networks
WSNA '03 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Flexible power scheduling for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Location-based pairwise key establishments for static sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Security of ad hoc and sensor networks
The flooding time synchronization protocol
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
TinySec: a link layer security architecture for wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
The feasibility of launching and detecting jamming attacks in wireless networks
Proceedings of the 6th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
A dynamic operating system for sensor nodes
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Secure time synchronization service for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th ACM workshop on Wireless security
Fault-Tolerant Cluster-Wise Clock Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
Estimating clock uncertainty for efficient duty-cycling in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Time synchronization attacks in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on Security of ad hoc and sensor networks
PEDAMACS: Power Efficient and Delay Aware Medium Access Protocol for Sensor Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Avrora: scalable sensor network simulation with precise timing
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
TinySeRSync: secure and resilient time synchronization in wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 13th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
SecNav: secure broadcast localization and time synchronization in wireless networks
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking
BAP: Broadcast Authentication Using Cryptographic Puzzles
ACNS '07 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security
A performance evaluation of intrusion-tolerant routing in wireless sensor networks
IPSN'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Secure and resilient clock synchronization in wireless sensor networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Towards a theory for securing time synchronization in wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the second ACM conference on Wireless network security
Secure and self-stabilizing clock synchronization in sensor networks
SSS'07 Proceedings of the 9h international conference on Stabilization, safety, and security of distributed systems
Formal Reasoning about Physical Properties of Security Protocols
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC)
Secure and self-stabilizing clock synchronization in sensor networks
Theoretical Computer Science
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Time synchronization is critical in sensor networks at many layers of their design. It enables better duty-cycling of the radio, accurate and secure localization, beamforming, and other collaborative signal processing tasks. These benefits make time-synchronization protocols a prime target of malicious adversaries who want to disrupt the normal operation of a sensor network. In this article, we analyze attacks on existing time synchronization protocols for wireless sensor networks and we propose a secure time synchronization toolbox to counter these attacks. This toolbox includes protocols for secure pairwise and group synchronization of nodes that either lie in the neighborhood of each other or are separated by multiple hops. We provide an in-depth analysis of the security and the energy overhead of the proposed protocols. The efficiency of these protocols has been tested through an experimental study on Mica2 motes.