httperf—a tool for measuring web server performance
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Managing energy and server resources in hosting centers
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Boosting Data Center Performance Through Non-Uniform Power Allocation
ICAC '05 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Automatic Computing
A performance-conserving approach for reducing peak power consumption in server systems
Proceedings of the 19th annual international conference on Supercomputing
Power provisioning for a warehouse-sized computer
Proceedings of the 34th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Energy conservation policies for web servers
USITS'03 Proceedings of the 4th conference on USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems - Volume 4
No "power" struggles: coordinated multi-level power management for the data center
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Power capping: a prelude to power shifting
Cluster Computing
System power management support in the IBM POWER6 microprocessor
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Power-aware provisioning of Cloud resources for real-time services
Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Middleware for Grids, Clouds and e-Science
Power routing: dynamic power provisioning in the data center
Proceedings of the fifteenth edition of ASPLOS on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
A cyber-physical systems approach to energy management in data centers
Proceedings of the 1st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems
Distributed dynamic speed scaling
INFOCOM'10 Proceedings of the 29th conference on Information communications
Towards more effective utilization of computer systems
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance engineering
Server farms' power consumption minimized via best allocation of servers and ancillary equipments
AIKED'11 Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS international conference on Artificial intelligence, knowledge engineering and data bases
Environment-conscious scheduling of HPC applications on distributed Cloud-oriented data centers
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
Greening geographical load balancing
Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS joint international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
PERFUME: power and performance guarantee with fuzzy MIMO control in virtualized servers
Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Workshop on Quality of Service
Benefits and limitations of tapping into stored energy for datacenters
Proceedings of the 38th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference
Greening geographical load balancing
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review - Performance evaluation review
On the utility of DVFS for power-aware job placement in clusters
Euro-Par'11 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Parallel processing - Volume Part I
Utilization-based pricing for power management and profit optimization in data centers
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
Race to idle: new algorithms for speed scaling with a sleep state
Proceedings of the twenty-third annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete Algorithms
Future Generation Computer Systems
Future Generation Computer Systems
Leveraging stored energy for handling power emergencies in aggressively provisioned datacenters
ASPLOS XVII Proceedings of the seventeenth international conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems
Robust heterogeneous data center design: a principled approach
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
ReRack: power simulation for data centers with renewable energy generation
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Renewable and cooling aware workload management for sustainable data centers
Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGMETRICS/PERFORMANCE joint international conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems
Energy storage in datacenters: what, where, and how much?
Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGMETRICS/PERFORMANCE joint international conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM/IEEE international symposium on Low power electronics and design
iSwitch: coordinating and optimizing renewable energy powered server clusters
Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
Concurrency and Computation: Practice & Experience
Energy- and performance-aware scheduling of tasks on parallel and distributed systems
ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems (JETC)
Risk and Energy Consumption Tradeoffs in Cloud Computing Service via Stochastic Optimization Models
UCC '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE/ACM Fifth International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing
Aggressive Datacenter Power Provisioning with Batteries
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Power Aware Meta Scheduler for Adaptive VM Provisioning in IaaS Cloud
International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing
Optimal Server Allocation and Frequency Modulation on Multi-Core Based Server Clusters
International Journal of Green Computing
Computational sprinting on a hardware/software testbed
Proceedings of the eighteenth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Heterogeneity-Aware optimal power allocation in data center environments
ICPCA/SWS'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Pervasive Computing and the Networked World
On understanding the energy consumption of ARM-based multicore servers
Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS/international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
A robust optimization for proactive energy management in virtualized data centers
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering
A study of pricing for cloud resources
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Virtualizing power distribution in datacenters
Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
Techniques for energy-efficient power budgeting in data centers
Proceedings of the 50th Annual Design Automation Conference
Green data centers: Using hierarchies for scalable energy efficiency in large web clusters
Information Processing Letters
SC '13 Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review - Special issue on the 31st international symposium on computer performance, modeling, measurements and evaluation (IFIPWG 7.3 Performance 2013)
Underprovisioning backup power infrastructure for datacenters
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
GDCSim: A simulator for green data center design and analysis
ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS) - Special issue on simulation in complex service systems
Speed-Scaling-based Job/Tasks Deployment for Energy-efficient Datacenters in Cloud Computing
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Innovative Computing and Cloud Computing
Race to idle: New algorithms for speed scaling with a sleep state
ACM Transactions on Algorithms (TALG)
Dynamic right-sizing for power-proportional data centers
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Energy-efficient scheduling in multi-core servers
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
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Server farms today consume more than 1.5% of the total electricity in the U.S. at a cost of nearly $4.5 billion. Given the rising cost of energy, many industries are now seeking solutions for how to best make use of their available power. An important question which arises in this context is how to distribute available power among servers in a server farm so as to get maximum performance. By giving more power to a server, one can get higher server frequency (speed). Hence it is commonly believed that, for a given power budget, performance can be maximized by operating servers at their highest power levels. However, it is also conceivable that one might prefer to run servers at their lowest power levels, which allows more servers to be turned on for a given power budget. To fully understand the effect of power allocation on performance in a server farm with a fixed power budget, we introduce a queueing theoretic model, which allows us to predict the optimal power allocation in a variety of scenarios. Results are verified via extensive experiments on an IBM BladeCenter. We find that the optimal power allocation varies for different scenarios. In particular, it is not always optimal to run servers at their maximum power levels. There are scenarios where it might be optimal to run servers at their lowest power levels or at some intermediate power levels. Our analysis shows that the optimal power allocation is non-obvious and depends on many factors such as the power-to-frequency relationship in the processors, the arrival rate of jobs, the maximum server frequency, the lowest attainable server frequency and the server farm configuration. Furthermore, our theoretical model allows us to explore more general settings than we can implement, including arbitrarily large server farms and different power-to-frequency curves. Importantly, we show that the optimal power allocation can significantly improve server farm performance, by a factor of typically 1.4 and as much as a factor of 5 in some cases.