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Wattch: a framework for architectural-level power analysis and optimizations
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Static timing analysis of embedded software on advanced processor architectures
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Variability in the execution of multimedia applications and implications for architecture
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Automatic performance setting for dynamic voltage scaling
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems
Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems
Power and performance evaluation of globally asynchronous locally synchronous processors
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Using variable-MHz microprocessors to efficiently handle uncertainty in real-time systems
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Proceedings of the 34th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
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Proceedings of the 35th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture
Control-Theoretic Techniques and Thermal-RC Modeling for Accurate and Localized Dynamic Thermal Management
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Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Compilers, architecture and synthesis for embedded systems
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Feedback EDF Scheduling Exploiting Dynamic Voltage Scaling
RTAS '04 Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
Dynamically Trading Frequency for Complexity in a GALS Microprocessor
Proceedings of the 37th annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Automatic scenario detection for improved WCET estimation
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Architectural support for real-time task scheduling in SMT processors
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MiBench: A free, commercially representative embedded benchmark suite
WWC '01 Proceedings of the Workload Characterization, 2001. WWC-4. 2001 IEEE International Workshop
System-Level Energy Management for Periodic Real-Time Tasks
RTSS '06 Proceedings of the 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
The XTREM power and performance simulator for the Intel XScale core: Design and experiences
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
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ISQED '07 Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design
Resource prediction for media stream decoding
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe
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Dynamic QoS management for chip multiprocessors
ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO)
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MP-Tomasulo: A Dependency-Aware Automatic Parallel Execution Engine for Sequential Programs
ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO)
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Today's microprocessor cores reach high performance levels not only by their high clock rate but also by the concurrent execution of a large number of instructions. Because of the relationship between power and frequency, it becomes attractive to run an OoO (Out-of-Order) core at a frequency lower than its nominal frequency in the context of embedded or real-time systems. Unfortunately, whereas OoO pipelines have high average throughput, their highly variable and hard-to-predict execution rate makes them unsuitable for real-time systems with hard or even soft deadlines. In this paper, we demonstrate that the execution time of an OoO processor can be stable and predictable by controlling its MIPS (Mega Instructions Per Second) rate via a PID (Proportional, Integral, and Differential gain) feedback controller and DVFS (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling). The stabilized processor uses much less power per committed instruction, because of the reduced average frequency. The EPI (Energy Per Instruction) is also cut by an average of 28% across our benchmark programs. Since a stable MIPS rate is maintained consistently with lower power/energy per instruction, OoO processors stabilized by a feedback controller can realistically be deployed in real-time systems. To demonstrate this capability we select a subset of the MiBench benchmarks that displays the widest execution rate variations and stabilize their MIPS rate in the context of a 1GHz Pentium III-like microarchitecture.