The State of the Art in Online Handwriting Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Method of Combining Multiple Experts for the Recognition of Unconstrained Handwritten Numerals
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Neural networks: a systematic introduction
Neural networks: a systematic introduction
On-Line Recognition of Handwritten Symbols
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
HMM Based On-Line Handwriting Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
An Off-Line Cursive Handwriting Recognition System
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The Random Subspace Method for Constructing Decision Forests
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The String-to-String Correction Problem
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
On-Line and Off-Line Handwriting Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation
Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation
StrCombo: combination of string recognizers
Pattern Recognition Letters - In memory of Professor E.S. Gelsema
Optimizing Error-Reject Trade off in Recognition Systems
ICDAR '97 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
ICDAR '99 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Off-Line Cursive Handwriting Recognition Compared with On-Line Recognition
ICPR '96 Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR '96) Volume IV-Volume 7472 - Volume 7472
On-Line Handwriting Recognition with Support Vector Machines " A Kernel Approach
IWFHR '02 Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR'02)
Sentence Recognition through Hybrid Neuro-Markovian Modeling
ICDAR '01 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Handwriting Recognition - The Last Frontiers
ICPR '00 Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 4
Confidence-Scoring Post-Processing for Off-Line Handwritten-Character Recognition Verification
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 1
Recognition of Cursive Roman Handwriting - Past, Present and Future
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 1
Combining Online and Offline Handwriting Recognition
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 2
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Combining Pattern Classifiers: Methods and Algorithms
Combining Pattern Classifiers: Methods and Algorithms
A Neural Network-Hidden Markov Model Hybrid for Cursive Word Recognition
ICPR '98 Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Pattern Recognition-Volume 2 - Volume 2
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
MS-TDNN with Global Discriminant Trainings
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
IAM-OnDB - an On-Line English Sentence Database Acquired from Handwritten Text on a Whiteboard
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Neural Networks - 2005 Special issue: IJCNN 2005
ICML '06 Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Machine learning
Rejection strategies for offline handwritten text line recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Combining On-Line and Off-Line Systems for Handwriting Recognition
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 01
Sequence labelling in structured domains with hierarchical recurrent neural networks
IJCAI'07 Proceedings of the 20th international joint conference on Artifical intelligence
MCS'03 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Multiple classifier systems
Bidirectional recurrent neural networks
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Sketch recognition by fusion of temporal and image-based features
Pattern Recognition
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In this paper we present a multiple classifier system (MCS) for on-line handwriting recognition. The MCS combines several individual recognition systems based on hidden Markov models (HMMs) and bidirectional long short-term memory networks (BLSTM). Beside using two different recognition architectures (HMM and BLSTM), we use various feature sets based on on-line and off-line features to obtain diverse recognizers. Furthermore, we generate a number of different neural network recognizers by changing the initialization parameters. To combine the word sequences output by the recognizers, we incrementally align these sequences using the recognizer output voting error reduction framework (ROVER). For deriving the final decision, different voting strategies are applied. The best combination ensemble has a recognition rate of 84.13%, which is significantly higher than the 83.64% achieved if only one recognition architecture (HMM or BLSTM) is used for the combination, and even remarkably higher than the 81.26% achieved by the best individual classifier. To demonstrate the high performance of the classification system, the results are compared with two widely used commercial recognizers from Microsoft and Vision Objects.