The State of the Art in Online Handwriting Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Fundamentals of speech recognition
Fundamentals of speech recognition
Invariant signatures for planar shape recognition under partial occlusion
CVGIP: Image Understanding
Off-Line Handwritten Word Recognition Using a Hidden Markov Model Type Stochastic Network
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Invariant Features for HMM Based On-Line Handwriting Recognition
ICIAP '95 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
On-Line and Off-Line Handwriting Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Training Hidden Markov Models with Multiple Observations-A Combinatorial Method
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Data-driven design of HMM topology for online handwriting recognition
Hidden Markov models
Comparison and Classification of Documents Based on Layout Similarity
Information Retrieval
A Handwriting Recognition System Based on Visual Input
ICVS '01 Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Computer Vision Systems
A Hidden Markov Model-Based Approach to Sequential Data Clustering
Proceedings of the Joint IAPR International Workshop on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Using Contextual Information to Selectively Adjust Preprocessing Parameters
IWANN '01 Proceedings of the 6th International Work-Conference on Artificial and Natural Neural Networks: Bio-inspired Applications of Connectionism-Part II
Non-commutative Logic for Hand-Written Character Modeling
AISC '02/Calculemus '02 Proceedings of the Joint International Conferences on Artificial Intelligence, Automated Reasoning, and Symbolic Computation
A sequential pruning strategy for the selection of the number of states in hidden Markov models
Pattern Recognition Letters
A Database for Handwriting Recognition Research in Sinhala Language
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 2
Investigating Hidden Markov Models' Capabilities in 2D Shape Classification
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Model-Based On-Line Handwritten Digit Recognition
ICPR '98 Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Pattern Recognition-Volume 2 - Volume 2
Online Character Recognition Based on Elastic Matching and Quadratic Discrimination
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
SPIRAL: efficient and exact model identification for hidden Markov models
Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
A hidden Markov model-based text classification of medical documents
Journal of Information Science
Retrieval of online handwriting by synthesis and matching
Pattern Recognition
Fast likelihood search for hidden Markov models
ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (TKDD)
Online preprocessing of handwritten Gurmukhi strokes
Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal
On parsing visual sequences with the hidden Markov model
Journal on Image and Video Processing
Offline handwritten character recognition of Gujrati script using pattern matching
ASID'09 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Anti-Counterfeiting, security, and identification in communication
Similarity-based classification of sequences using hidden Markov models
Pattern Recognition
A Markovian approach for web user profiling and clustering
PAKDD'03 Proceedings of the 7th Pacific-Asia conference on Advances in knowledge discovery and data mining
APWeb'03 Proceedings of the 5th Asia-Pacific web conference on Web technologies and applications
Hidden Markov models applied to snakes behavior identification
PSIVT'07 Proceedings of the 2nd Pacific Rim conference on Advances in image and video technology
Adaptive motion-based gesture recognition interface for mobile phones
ICVS'08 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Computer vision systems
Recent results of online Japanese handwriting recognition and its applications
SACH'06 Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Arabic and Chinese handwriting recognition
Independent shape component-based human activity recognition via Hidden Markov Model
Applied Intelligence
Analysis of pattern recognition techniques for in-air signature biometrics
Pattern Recognition
Adaptive online multi-stroke sketch recognition based on hidden markov model
ICMLC'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Advances in Machine Learning and Cybernetics
An efficient hybrid approach for online recognition of handwritten symbols
MICAI'05 Proceedings of the 4th Mexican international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Visual task inference using hidden Markov models
IJCAI'11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume Volume Two
Painting in the air with Wii Remote
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
HBF49 feature set: A first unified baseline for online symbol recognition
Pattern Recognition
Closing the loop between intentions and actions
Adjunct proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Step-wise emotion recognition using concatenated-HMM
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
Automatic online signature verification using HMMs with user-dependent structure
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Joint training of non-negative Tucker decomposition and discrete density hidden Markov models
Computer Speech and Language
A personalized exercise trainer for the elderly
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments
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Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based recognition of handwriting is now quite common, but the incorporation of HMM's into a complex stochastic language model for handwriting recognition is still in its infancy. We have taken advantage of developments in the speech processing field to build a more sophisticated handwriting recognition system. The pattern elements of the handwriting model are subcharacter stroke types modeled by HMM's. These HMM's are concatenated to form letter models, which are further embedded in a stochastic language model. In addition to better language modeling, we introduce new handwriting recognition features of various kinds. Some of these features have invariance properties, and some are segmental, covering a larger region of the input pattern. We have achieved a writer independent recognition rate of 94.5% on 3,823 unconstrained handwritten word samples from 18 writers covering a 32 word vocabulary.