The State of the Art in Online Handwriting Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Specifying gestures by example
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Recognizing multistroke geometric shapes: an experimental evaluation
UIST '93 Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
HMM Based On-Line Handwriting Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Representation and Recognition of Handwritten Digits Using Deformable Templates
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recognizing Mathematical Expressions Using Tree Transformation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A new feature extraction technique for on-line recognition of handwritten alphanumeric characters
Information Sciences—Applications: An International Journal
Perceptual Model of Handwriting Drawing Application to the Handwriting Segmentation Problem
ICDAR '97 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Combining Multiple Representations and Classifiers for Pen-based Handwritten Digit Recognitio
ICDAR '97 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
The IRESTE On/Off (IRONOFF) Dual Handwriting Database
ICDAR '99 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Genetical Engineering of Handwriting Representations
IWFHR '02 Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR'02)
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 2
Online Recognition of Chinese Characters: The State-of-the-Art
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Sketched Symbol Recognition using Zernike Moments
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 1 - Volume 01
HMM-based efficient sketch recognition
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
A Study On the Use of 8-Directional Features For Online Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
IAM-OnDB - an On-Line English Sentence Database Acquired from Handwritten Text on a Whiteboard
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Automatic Adjacency Grammar Generation from User Drawn Sketches
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 02
Character Recognition Systems: A Guide for Students and Practitioners
Character Recognition Systems: A Guide for Students and Practitioners
Directional features in online handwriting recognition
Pattern Recognition
An efficient graph-based recognizer for hand-drawn symbols
Computers and Graphics
Gestures without libraries, toolkits or training: a $1 recognizer for user interface prototypes
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 02
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
On-line handwritten digit recognition based on trajectory and velocity modeling
Pattern Recognition Letters
Envisioning sketch recognition: a local feature based approach to recognizing informal sketches
Envisioning sketch recognition: a local feature based approach to recognizing informal sketches
A combinatorial approach to multi-domain sketch recognition
SBIM '07 Proceedings of the 4th Eurographics workshop on Sketch-based interfaces and modeling
Iconic and multi-stroke gesture recognition
Pattern Recognition
Online Recognition of Multi-Stroke Symbols with Orthogonal Series
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
An image-based, trainable symbol recognizer for hand-drawn sketches
Computers and Graphics
LADDER, a sketching language for user interface developers
Computers and Graphics
Combining geometry and domain knowledge to interpret hand-drawn diagrams
Computers and Graphics
The WEKA data mining software: an update
ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter
A visual approach to sketched symbol recognition
IJCAI'09 Proceedings of the 21st international jont conference on Artifical intelligence
Protractor: a fast and accurate gesture recognizer
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A lightweight multistroke recognizer for user interface prototypes
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
Feature extraction and classifier combination for image-based sketch recognition
Proceedings of the Seventh Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling Symposium
Personalizable Pen-Based Interface Using Lifelong Learning
ICFHR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 12th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition
Zoning Methods for Hand-Written Character Recognition: An Overview
ICFHR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 12th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition
Sketch recognition by fusion of temporal and image-based features
Pattern Recognition
LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)
Experimental analysis of touch-screen gesture designs in mobile environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Recognizing sketched multistroke primitives
ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS)
A Non-rigid Feature Extraction Method for Shape Recognition
ICDAR '11 Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
CASIA Online and Offline Chinese Handwriting Databases
ICDAR '11 Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Fuzzy Relative Positioning Templates for Symbol Recognition
ICDAR '11 Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
DAS '12 Proceedings of the 2012 10th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems
MLDM'13 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Machine Learning and Data Mining in Pattern Recognition
Hi-index | 0.01 |
As the rise of pen-enabled interfaces is accompanied with an increased number of techniques for recognition of pen-based input, recent trends in symbol recognition show an escalation in systems complexity (number of features, classifiers combination) or the over-specialization of systems to specific datasets or applications. Despite the importance of representation space in feature-based methods, few works focus on the design of feature sets adapted to a large variety of symbols, and no universal representation space was proposed as a benchmarking reference. We introduce in this work HBF49, a unique set of features for the representation of hand-drawn symbols to be used as a reference for evaluation of symbol recognition systems. An empirical constructive approach is adopted for designing this set of 49 simple features, able to handle a large diversity of symbols in various experimental contexts. An original effort is made for guaranteeing transparency of features design and reproducibility of experiments. We demonstrate that using off-the-shelf statistical classifiers, the HBF49 representation performs comparably or better than state-of-the-art results reported on eight databases of hand-drawn objects. We also obtain a good recognition performance for user-defined gestures that further attests the ability of HBF49 to deal with a great variety of symbols.