Specifying gestures by example
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Fundamentals of speech recognition
Fundamentals of speech recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Shape Matching and Object Recognition Using Shape Contexts
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Hybrid Pen-Input Character Recognition System Based on Integration of Online-Offline Recognition
ICDAR '99 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Online Recognition of Sketched Electrical Diagrams
ICDAR '01 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Sketched Symbol Recognition using Zernike Moments
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 1 - Volume 01
SketchREAD: a multi-domain sketch recognition engine
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
HMM-based efficient sketch recognition
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
An Integration of Online and Pseudo-Online Information for Cursive Word Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Diagram Structure Recognition by Bayesian Conditional Random Fields
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 2 - Volume 02
Data Driven Image Models through Continuous Joint Alignment
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
EMNLP '02 Proceedings of the ACL-02 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing - Volume 10
Estimating the Support of a High-Dimensional Distribution
Neural Computation
A note on Platt's probabilistic outputs for support vector machines
Machine Learning
Multimodal human-computer interaction: A survey
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
An Incremental On-line Parsing Algorithm for Recognizing Sketching Diagrams
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 01
Properties of Real-World Digital Logic Diagrams
PLT '07 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Pen-Based Learning Technologies
Envisioning sketch recognition: a local feature based approach to recognizing informal sketches
Envisioning sketch recognition: a local feature based approach to recognizing informal sketches
A combinatorial approach to multi-domain sketch recognition
SBIM '07 Proceedings of the 4th Eurographics workshop on Sketch-based interfaces and modeling
Sketch recognition in interspersed drawings using time-based graphical models
Computers and Graphics
Recognizing interspersed sketches quickly
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2009
Iconic and multi-stroke gesture recognition
Pattern Recognition
LADDER, a sketching language for user interface developers
Computers and Graphics
Combining geometry and domain knowledge to interpret hand-drawn diagrams
Computers and Graphics
Combining diverse systems for handwritten text line recognition
Machine Vision and Applications
GbRPR'05 Proceedings of the 5th IAPR international conference on Graph-Based Representations in Pattern Recognition
Sketch interpretation and refinement using statistical models
EGSR'04 Proceedings of the Fifteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
Spatial recognition and grouping of text and graphics
SBM'04 Proceedings of the First Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
Constellation models for sketch recognition
SBM'06 Proceedings of the Third Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
Sketched symbol recognition with auto-completion
Pattern Recognition
HBF49 feature set: A first unified baseline for online symbol recognition
Pattern Recognition
Contour-based shape representation using principal curves
Pattern Recognition
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The increasing availability of pen-based hardware has recently resulted in a parallel growth in sketch-based user interfaces. Sketch-based user interfaces aim to combine the expressive power of free-hand sketching with the processing power of computers. Most sketch-based systems require intelligent ink processing capabilities, which makes the development of robust sketch recognition algorithms a primary concern in the field. So far, the research in sketch recognition has produced various independent approaches to recognition, each of which uses a particular kind of information (e.g., geometric and spatial constraints, image-based features, temporal stroke-ordering patterns). These methods were designed in isolation as stand-alone algorithms, and there has been little work treating various recognition methods as alternative sources of information that can be combined to increase sketch recognition accuracy. In this paper, we focus on two such methods and fuse an image-based method with a time-based method in an attempt to combine the knowledge of how objects look (image data) with the knowledge of how they are drawn (temporal data). In the course of combining spatial and temporal information, we also introduce a mathematically well founded fusion method for combining recognizers. Our combination method can be used for isolated sketch recognition as well as full diagram recognition. Our evaluation with two databases shows that fusing image-based and temporal features yields higher recognition rates. These results are the first to confirm the complementary nature of image-based and temporal recognition methods for full sketch recognition, which has long been suggested, but never supported by data.