The State of the Art in Online Handwriting Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Integrating gesture and snapping into a user interface toolkit
UIST '90 Proceedings of the 3rd annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User interface software and technology
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Specifying gestures by example
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Recognizing multistroke geometric shapes: an experimental evaluation
UIST '93 Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Communications of the ACM
Extending an existing user interface toolkit to support gesture recognition
CHI '93 INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Amulet Environment: New Models for Effective User Interface Software Development
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Implications for a gesture design tool
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
On-Line and Off-Line Handwriting Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
SATIN: a toolkit for informal ink-based applications
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Algorithms
Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Algorithms
SHARK2: a large vocabulary shorthand writing system for pen-based computers
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
HMM-based efficient sketch recognition
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Gestures without libraries, toolkits or training: a $1 recognizer for user interface prototypes
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Iterative design and evaluation of an event architecture for pen-and-paper interfaces
Proceedings of the 21st annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Benefits of Handwritten Input for Students Learning Algebra Equation Solving
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts That Work
Proceedings of the 6th Eurographics Symposium on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
Computational Support for Sketching in Design: A Review
Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction
Examining difficulties software developers encounter in the adoption of statistical machine learning
AAAI'08 Proceedings of the 23rd national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 3
Cursive script recognition by elastic matching
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Information Sciences: an International Journal
An online multi-stroke sketch recognition method integrated with stroke segmentation
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
Usable gestures for blind people: understanding preference and performance
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Recognizing sketched multistroke primitives
ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS)
PocketTouch: through-fabric capacitive touch input
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The effect of sampling rate on the performance of template-based gesture recognizers
ICMI '11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on multimodal interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Gesture coder: a tool for programming multi-touch gestures by demonstration
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Bootstrapping personal gesture shortcuts with the wisdom of the crowd and handwriting recognition
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
GestureCommander: continuous touch-based gesture prediction
CHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
$N-protractor: a fast and accurate multistroke recognizer
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2012
Small gestures go a long way: how many bits per gesture do recognizers actually need?
Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
HBF49 feature set: A first unified baseline for online symbol recognition
Pattern Recognition
A paradigm for handwriting-based intelligent tutors
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Gestures as point clouds: a $P recognizer for user interface prototypes
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces
The impact of motion dimensionality and bit cardinality on the design of 3D gesture recognizers
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The challenges and potential of end-user gesture customization
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Kolibri: tiny and fast gestures for large pen-based surfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Template based classification of multi-touch gestures
Pattern Recognition
Dynamic injection of sketching features into GEF based diagram editors
Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Software Engineering
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
Relative accuracy measures for stroke gestures
Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction
Understanding the consistency of users' pen and finger stroke gesture articulation
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2013
CSTutor: A Sketch-Based Tool for Visualizing Data Structures
ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE)
Home-based computerized cognitive assessment tool for dementia screening
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments - Home-based Health and Wellness Measurement and Monitoring
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With the expansion of pen- and touch-based computing, new user interface prototypes may incorporate stroke gestures. Many gestures comprise multiple strokes, but building state-of-the-art multistroke gesture recognizers is nontrivial and time-consuming. Luckily, user interface prototypes often do not require state-of-the-art recognizers that are general and maintainable, due to the simpler nature of most user interface gestures. To enable easy incorporation of multistroke recognition in user interface prototypes, we present $N, a lightweight, concise multistroke recognizer that uses only simple geometry and trigonometry. A full pseudocode listing is given as an appendix. $N is a significant extension to the $1 unistroke recognizer, which has seen quick uptake in prototypes but has key limitations. $N goes further by (1) recognizing gestures comprising multiple strokes, (2) automatically generalizing from one multistroke to all possible multistrokes using alternative stroke orders and directions, (3) recognizing one-dimensional gestures such as lines, and (4) providing bounded rotation invariance. In addition, $N uses two speed optimizations, one with start angles that saves 79.1% of comparisons and increases accuracy 1.3%. The other, which is optional, compares multistroke templates and candidates only if they have the same number of strokes, reducing comparisons further to 89.5% and increasing accuracy another 1.7%. These results are taken from our study of algebra symbols entered in situ by middle and high schoolers using a math tutor prototype, on which $N was 96.6% accurate with 15 templates.