Stylus user interfaces for manipulating text
UIST '91 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Interactive sketching for the early stages of user interface design
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Recognition accuracy and user acceptance of pen interfaces
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
User acceptance of handwritten recognition accuracy
CHI '94 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Handwriting as computer interface
Survey of the state of the art in human language technology
Predicting hyperarticulate speech during human-computer error resolution
Speech Communication
Ambiguity and constraint in mathematical expression recognition
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Software engineering issues for ubiquitous computing
Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Software engineering
DENIM: finding a tighter fit between tools and practice for Web site design
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing and evaluating conversational interfaces with animated characters
Embodied conversational agents
Recognizing Mathematical Expressions Using Tree Transformation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
User Interfaces for On-Line Diagram Recognition
GREC '01 Selected Papers from the Fourth International Workshop on Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Applications
INTSYS '98 Proceedings of the IEEE International Joint Symposia on Intelligence and Systems
PenCalc: A Novel Application of On-Line Mathematical Expression Recognition Technology
ICDAR '01 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Recognition of On-line Handwritten Mathematical Formulas in the E-Chalk System
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 2
Web metasearch: rank vs. score based rank aggregation methods
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM symposium on Applied computing
'Good enough for what?': acceptance of handwriting recognition errors by child users
Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Interaction design and children
MathPad2: a system for the creation and exploration of mathematical sketches
ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Papers
Evaluation of multimodal input for entering mathematical equations on the computer
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Recognition of On-Line Handwritten Mathematical Expressions in the E-Chalk System - An Extension
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Quiet interfaces that help students think
UIST '06 Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A study of the usability of handwriting recognition for text entry by children
Interacting with Computers
Adapting handwriting recognition for applications in algebra learning
Proceedings of the international workshop on Educational multimedia and multimedia education
Newton's Pen: a pen-based tutoring system for statics
SBIM '07 Proceedings of the 4th Eurographics workshop on Sketch-based interfaces and modeling
ITS '08 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
MathPaper: Mathematical Sketching with Fluid Support for Interactive Computation
SG '08 Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on Smart Graphics
Devices for reading handwritten characters
IRE-ACM-AIEE '57 (Eastern) Papers and discussions presented at the December 9-13, 1957, eastern joint computer conference: Computers with deadlines to meet
Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Supporting Learning through Intelligent and Socially Informed Technology
Benefits of Handwritten Input for Students Learning Algebra Equation Solving
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts That Work
A usability evaluation of AlgoSketch: a pen-based application for mathematics
Proceedings of the 6th Eurographics Symposium on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
ITSPOKE: an intelligent tutoring spoken dialogue system
HLT-NAACL--Demonstrations '04 Demonstration Papers at HLT-NAACL 2004
Issues in Performance Evaluation: A Case Study of Math Recognition
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Intelligent understanding of handwritten geometry theorem proving
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Towards intelligent motion inferencing in mathematical sketching
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
A lightweight multistroke recognizer for user interface prototypes
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010
ICFHR 2010 - Arabic Handwriting Recognition Competition
ICFHR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 12th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition
The Problem of Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition Evaluation
ICFHR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 12th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition
A Syntactic Approach for Handwritten Mathematical Formula Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Stroke-Based Performance Metrics for Handwritten Mathematical Expressions
ICDAR '11 Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
An initial evaluation of a pen-based tool for creating dynamic mathematical illustrations
SBM'06 Proceedings of the Third Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
MathBrush: a case study for pen-based interactive mathematics
SBM'08 Proceedings of the Fifth Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
AlgoSketch: algorithm sketching and interactive computation
SBM'08 Proceedings of the Fifth Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
A bag-of-words based ranking method for the wikipedia question answering task
CLEF'06 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Cross-Language Evaluation Forum: evaluation of multilingual and multi-modal information retrieval
Understanding the consistency of users' pen and finger stroke gesture articulation
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2013
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This paper presents the interaction design of, and demonstration of technical feasibility for, intelligent tutoring systems that can accept handwriting input from students. Handwriting and pen input offer several affordances for students that traditional typing-based interactions do not. To illustrate these affordances, we present evidence, from tutoring mathematics, that the ability to enter problem solutions via pen input enables students to record algebraic equations more quickly, more smoothly (fewer errors), and with increased transfer to non-computer-based tasks. Furthermore our evidence shows that students tend to like pen input for these types of problems more than typing. However, a clear downside to introducing handwriting input into intelligent tutors is that the recognition of such input is not reliable. In our work, we have found that handwriting input is more likely to be useful and reliable when context is considered, for example, the context of the problem being solved. We present an intelligent tutoring system for algebra equation solving via pen-based input that is able to use context to decrease recognition errors by 18% and to reduce recognition error recovery interactions to occur on one out of every four problems. We applied user-centered design principles to reduce the negative impact of recognition errors in the following ways: (1) though students handwrite their problem-solving process, they type their final answer to reduce ambiguity for tutoring purposes, and (2) in the small number of cases in which the system must involve the student in recognition error recovery, the interaction focuses on identifying the student's problem-solving error to keep the emphasis on tutoring. Many potential recognition errors can thus be ignored and distracting interactions are avoided. This work can inform the design of future systems for students using pen and sketch input for math or other topics by motivating the use of context and pragmatics to decrease the impact of recognition errors and put user focus on the task at hand.