Voltage scheduling problem for dynamically variable voltage processors
ISLPED '98 Proceedings of the 1998 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
httperf—a tool for measuring web server performance
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Managing energy and server resources in hosting centers
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
The state of the art in locally distributed Web-server systems
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
The case for power management in web servers
Power aware computing
Energy Management for Server Clusters
HOTOS '01 Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems
Power-aware QoS Management in Web Servers
RTSS '03 Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
Managing server energy and operational costs in hosting centers
SIGMETRICS '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Energy-efficient policies for embedded clusters
LCTES '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
Energy conservation in heterogeneous server clusters
Proceedings of the tenth ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and practice of parallel programming
Power reduction techniques for microprocessor systems
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Energy-Efficient Real-Time Heterogeneous Server Clusters
RTAS '06 Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
On evaluating request-distribution schemes for saving energy in server clusters
ISPASS '03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software
Feedback Control Architecture and Design Methodology for Service Delay Guarantees in Web Servers
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Dynamic Voltage Scaling in Multitier Web Servers with End-to-End Delay Control
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Statistical QoS Guarantee and Energy-Efficiency in Web Server Clusters
ECRTS '07 Proceedings of the 19th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems
Power and Performance Management of Virtualized Computing Environments Via Lookahead Control
ICAC '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Autonomic Computing
Energy-efficient server clusters
PACS'02 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Power-aware computer systems
Stochastic approximation control of power and tardiness in a three-tier web-hosting cluster
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Autonomic computing
Server operational cost optimization for cloud computing service providers over a time horizon
Hot-ICE'11 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX conference on Hot topics in management of internet, cloud, and enterprise networks and services
Enhancing a QoS-based self-adaptive framework with energy management capabilities
Proceedings of the joint ACM SIGSOFT conference -- QoSA and ACM SIGSOFT symposium -- ISARCS on Quality of software architectures -- QoSA and architecting critical systems -- ISARCS
Estimating optimal cost of allocating virtualized resources with dynamic demand
Proceedings of the 23rd International Teletraffic Congress
CloudOpt: multi-goal optimization of application deployments across a cloud
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Network and Services Management
Journal of Systems and Software
Optimizing the energy consumption of large-scale applications
Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGSOFT conference on Quality of Software Architectures
Computers and Industrial Engineering
QoS and energy management with Petri nets: A self-adaptive framework
Journal of Systems and Software
A model view controller based Self-Adjusting Clustering Framework
Journal of Systems and Software
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To reduce the environmental impact, it is essential to make data centers green, by turning off servers and tuning their speeds for the instantaneous load offered, that is, determining the dynamic configuration in web server clusters. We model the problem of selecting the servers that will be on and finding their speeds through mixed integer programming; we also show how to combine such solutions with control theory. For proof of concept, we implemented this dynamic configuration scheme in a web server cluster running Linux, with soft real-time requirements and QoS control, in order to guarantee both energy-efficiency and good user experience. In this paper, we show the performance of our scheme compared to other schemes, a comparison of a centralized and a distributed approach for QoS control, and a comparison of schemes for choosing speeds of servers.