Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
An evolved, vision-based behavioral model of coordinated group motion
Proceedings of the second international conference on From animals to animats 2 : simulation of adaptive behavior: simulation of adaptive behavior
Genetic Programming and Autoconstructive Evolution with the Push Programming Language
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Adaptive populations of endogenously diversifying Pushpop organisms are reliably diverse
ICAL 2003 Proceedings of the eighth international conference on Artificial life
breve: a 3D environment for the simulation of decentralized systems and artificial life
ICAL 2003 Proceedings of the eighth international conference on Artificial life
Cooperation in an unpredictable environment
ICAL 2003 Proceedings of the eighth international conference on Artificial life
Evolving Self-Organizing Behaviors for a Swarm-Bot
Autonomous Robots
SwarmArt: interactive art from swarm intelligence
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
The Push3 execution stack and the evolution of control
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Cooperative Multi-Agent Learning: The State of the Art
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Evolving an ecology of two-tiered organizations
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual workshop on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Motion swarms: video interaction for art in complex environments
MULTIMEDIA '06 Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Teaching the evolution of behavior with SuperDuperWalker
Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Supporting Learning through Intelligent and Socially Informed Technology
Genetic team composition and level of selection in the evolution of cooperation
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Research frontier: the evolution of swarm grammars-growing trees, crafting art, and bottom-up design
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine
Sociologically inspired approaches for self-*: examples and prospects
Self-star Properties in Complex Information Systems
Proceedings of the 14th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research
Critical interplay between density-dependent predation and evolution of the selfish herd
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Expressive genetic programming
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
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We demonstrate the emergence of collective behavior in two evolutionary computation systems, one an evolutionary extension of a classic (highly constrained) flocking algorithm and the other a relatively un-constrained system in which the behavior of agents is governed by evolved computer programs. We describe the systems in detail, document the emergence of collective behavior, and argue that these systems present new opportunities for the study of group dynamics in an evolutionary context.