Parsing techniques: a practical guide
Parsing techniques: a practical guide
Interactive sketching for the early stages of user interface design
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Visual language theory: towards a human computer interaction perspective
Visual language theory
Relational grammars: theory and practice in a visual language interface for process modeling
Visual language theory
A Syntax-Analysis Procedure for Unambiguous Context-Free Grammars
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Parsing of Graph-Representable Pictures
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
An efficient context-free parsing algorithm
Communications of the ACM
A global parser for context-free phrase structure grammars
Communications of the ACM
Stable and Robust Vectorization: How to Make the Right Choices
GREC '99 Selected Papers from the Third International Workshop on Graphics Recognition, Recent Advances
Symbol Recognition: Current Advances and Perspectives
GREC '01 Selected Papers from the Fourth International Workshop on Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Applications
A Parser for Context Free Plex Grammars
WG '89 Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science
Online parsing of visual languages using adjacency grammars
VL '95 Proceedings of the 11th International IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages
VL '00 Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Visual Languages (VL'00)
Hierarchical parsing and recognition of hand-sketched diagrams
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A Parsing Technique for Sketch Recognition Systems
VLHCC '04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages - Human Centric Computing
HMM-based efficient sketch recognition
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Sketch Grammars: A Formalism for Describing and Recognizing Diagrammatic Sketch Languages
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
A Generic Method for Eager Interpretation of On-Line Handwritten Structured Documents
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 02
Dynamically constructed Bayes nets for multi-domain sketch understanding
IJCAI'05 Proceedings of the 19th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
LADDER, a sketching language for user interface developers
Computers and Graphics
Algorithm for computer control of a digital plotter
IBM Systems Journal
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Relation grammars and their application to multi-dimensional languages
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Parsing visual languages with picture layout grammars
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Attributed Programmed Graph Grammars and Their Application to Schematic Diagram Interpretation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
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This paper presents a syntactic approach based on Adjacency Grammars (AG) for sketch diagram modeling and understanding. Diagrams are a combination of graphical symbols arranged according to a set of spatial rules defined by a visual language. AG describe visual shapes by productions defined in terms of terminal and non-terminal symbols (graphical primitives and subshapes), and a set functions describing the spatial arrangements between symbols. Our approach to sketch diagram understanding provides three main contributions. First, since AG are linear grammars, there is a need to define shapes and relations inherently bidimensional using a sequential formalism. Second, our parsing approach uses an indexing structure based on a spatial tessellation. This serves to reduce the search space when finding candidates to produce a valid reduction. This allows order-free parsing of 2D visual sentences while keeping combinatorial explosion in check. Third, working with sketches requires a distortion model to cope with the natural variations of hand drawn strokes. To this end we extended the basic grammar with a distortion measure modeled on the allowable variation on spatial constraints associated with grammar productions. Finally, the paper reports on an experimental framework an interactive system for sketch analysis. User tests performed on two real scenarios show that our approach is usable in interactive settings.