SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Watermaking three-dimensional polygonal models
MULTIMEDIA '97 Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Multiple view geometry in computer vision
Multiple view geometry in computer vision
Geometry-Based Watermarking of 3D Models
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
International Journal of Computer Vision
Three-Dimensional Television: Capture, Transmission, Display
Three-Dimensional Television: Capture, Transmission, Display
Data hiding in image and video .II. Designs and applications
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Watermarking mesh-based representations of 3-D objects using local moments
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Texture-based watermarking of 3D video objects
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Coding Algorithms for 3DTV—A Survey
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
NPT based video watermarking with non-overlapping block matching
Transactions on computational science XI
Loss tolerant video streaming authentication in heterogeneous wireless networks
Computer Communications
Proceedings of the 3rd Multimedia Systems Conference
Spread spectrum-based multi-bit watermarking for free-view video
IWDW'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Digital-Forensics and Watermarking
Spider: A system for finding 3D video copies
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
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With the advances in image based rendering (IBR) in recent years, generation of a realistic arbitrary view of a scene from a number of original views has become cheaper and faster. One of the main applications of this progress has emerged as free-view TV(FTV), where TV-viewers select freely the viewing position and angle via IBR on the transmitted multiview video. Noting that the TV-viewer might record a personal video for this arbitrarily selected view and misuse this content, it is apparent that copyright and copy protection problems also exist and should be solved for FTV. In this paper, we focus on this newly emerged problem by proposing a watermarking method for free-view video. The watermark is embedded into every frame of multiple views by exploiting the spatial masking properties of the human visual system. Assuming that the position and rotation of the virtual camera is known, the proposed method extracts the watermark successfully from an arbitrarily generated virtual image. In order to extend the method for the case of an unknown virtual camera position and rotation, the transformations on the watermark pattern due to image based rendering operations are analyzed. Based upon this analysis, camera position and homography estimation methods are proposed for the virtual camera. The encouraging simulation results promise not only a novel method, but also a new direction for watermarking research.