Multiresolution analysis for surfaces of arbitrary topological type
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
A model of visual masking for computer graphics
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Watermaking three-dimensional polygonal models
MULTIMEDIA '97 Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Geometry-Based Watermarking of 3D Models
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Wavelet-based blind watermarking of 3D models
Proceedings of the 2004 workshop on Multimedia and security
Continuous Shading of Curved Surfaces
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Roughness-Adaptive 3D Watermarking of Polygonal Meshes
Information Hiding
Data hiding on 3-D triangle meshes
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Watermarked 3-D Mesh Quality Assessment
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Improved wavelet-based watermarking through pixel-wise masking
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Watermarking mesh-based representations of 3-D objects using local moments
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Key-dependent 3D model hashing for authentication using heat kernel signature
Digital Signal Processing
An adaptive steganographic algorithm for 3D polygonal models using vertex decimation
Multimedia Tools and Applications
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We present a method to improve watermark robustness by exploiting the masking effect of surface roughness on watermark visibility. Our idea is to adapt watermark strength to local surface roughness based on the knowledge that human eyes are less sensitive to changes on a rougher surface patch than those on a smoother surface. In order to quantify human sensitivity to surface roughness of polygonal meshes, we conducted a rigorous psychovisual experiment to obtain human watermark detection thresholds as a function of surface roughness. The results can be used to adaptively select watermark strength according to local surface roughness during the watermark embedding process. To test our idea, we applied it to the modified versions of two popular 3-D watermarking methods, one proposed by Benedens and one by Cayre and Macq. Experimental results showed that our approach improves watermark robustness as compared to the original algorithms. Further analyses indicated that the average watermark strength allowed by our roughness-adaptive method was larger than that by the original Benedens's and Cayre and Macq's methods while ensuring watermark imperceptibility. This was the main reason for the improved robustness observed in our experiments. We conclude that exploiting the masking property of human vision is a viable way to improve the robustness of 3-D watermarks, and can potentially be applied to other 3-D digital watermarking techniques.