Classification and Semantic Mapping of Urban Environments

  • Authors:

  • B. Douillard;D. Fox;F. Ramos;H. Durrant-Whyte

  • Affiliations:

  • Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University ofSydney, Sydney, Australia;University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University ofSydney, Sydney, Australia;Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University ofSydney, Sydney, Australia

  • Venue:
  • International Journal of Robotics Research
  • Year:
  • 2011

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Abstract

In this paper we address the problem of classifying objects in urban environments based on laser and vision data. We propose a framework based on Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), a flexible modeling tool allowing spatial and temporal correlations between laser returns to be represented. Visual features extracted from color imagery as well as shape features extracted from 2D laser scans are integrated in the estimation process. The paper contains the following novel developments: (1) a probabilistic formulation for the problem of exploiting spatial and temporal dependencies to improve classification; (2) three methods for classification in 2D semantic maps; (3) a novel semi-supervised learning algorithm to train CRFs from partially labeled data; (4) the combination of local classifiers with CRFs to perform feature selection on high-dimensional feature vectors. The system is extensively evaluated on two different datasets acquired in two different cities with different sensors. An accuracy of 91% is achieved on a seven-class problem. The classifier is also applied to the generation of a 3 km long semantic map.