Real-time Euclid: a language for reliable real-time systems
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering - Special issue on reliability and safety in real-time process control
Reasoning About Time in Higher-Level Language Software
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Calculating the maximum, execution time of real-time programs
Real-Time Systems
Experiments with a Program Timing Tool Based on Source-Level Timing Schema
Computer - Special issue on real-time systems
Predicting program execution times by analyzing static and dynamic program paths
Real-Time Systems - Special issue: Real-time languages and language-level timing tools and analysis
Predicting deterministic execution times of real-time programs
Predicting deterministic execution times of real-time programs
Performance analysis of embedded software using implicit path enumeration
DAC '95 Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
Discrete loops and worst case performance
Computer Languages
Combining static worst-case timing analysis and program proof
Real-Time Systems
Computing Maximum Task Execution Times — A Graph-BasedApproach
Real-Time Systems
Refining data flow information using infeasible paths
ESEC '97/FSE-5 Proceedings of the 6th European SOFTWARE ENGINEERING conference held jointly with the 5th ACM SIGSOFT international symposium on Foundations of software engineering
Advanced compiler design and implementation
Advanced compiler design and implementation
Bounding Pipeline and Instruction Cache Performance
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Fast Algorithms for Solving Path Problems
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Complete worst-case execution time analysis of straight-line hard real-time programs
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal - Special issue on real-time systems
An axiomatic basis for computer programming
Communications of the ACM
Flow Analysis of Computer Programs
Flow Analysis of Computer Programs
Fully Automatic Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis for Matlab/Simulink Models
ECRTS '02 Proceedings of the 14th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems
Timing Anomalies in Dynamically Scheduled Microprocessors
RTSS '99 Proceedings of the 20th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
WCET Analysis of Probabilistic Hard Real-Time Systems
RTSS '02 Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
A Modular & Retargetable Framework for Tree-Based WCET Analysis
ECRTS '01 Proceedings of the 13th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems
MAST: Modeling and Analysis Suite for Real Time Applications
ECRTS '01 Proceedings of the 13th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems
Automatic Timing Model Generation by CFG Partitioning and Model Checking
Proceedings of the conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe - Volume 1
Clustered Worst-Case Execution-Time Calculation
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools (2nd Edition)
Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools (2nd Edition)
Chronos: A timing analyzer for embedded software
Science of Computer Programming
The worst-case execution-time problem—overview of methods and survey of tools
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
WCET-driven, code-size critical procedure cloning
SCOPES '08 Proceedings of the 11th international workshop on Software & compilers for embedded systems
The Worst Case Execution Time Tool Challenge 2006
ISOLA '06 Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation
The Worst Case Execution Time Tool Challenge 2006: The External Test
ISOLA '06 Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation
Precise Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis for Processors with Timing Anomalies
ECRTS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 21st Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems
Modeling complex flows for worst-case execution time analysis
RTSS'10 Proceedings of the 21st IEEE conference on Real-time systems symposium
Symbolic loop bound computation for WCET analysis
PSI'11 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Perspectives of System Informatics
FFX: a portable WCET annotation language
Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Real-Time and Network Systems
The WCET analysis tool calcwcet167
ISoLA'12 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation: applications and case studies - Volume Part II
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Worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis is concerned with computing a precise-as-possible bound for the maximum time the execution of a program can take. This information is indispensable for developing safety-critical real-time systems, e. g., in the avionics and automotive fields. Starting with the initial works of Chen, Mok, Puschner, Shaw, and others in the mid and late 1980s, WCET analysis turned into a well-established and vibrant field of research and development in academia and industry. The increasing number and diversity of hardware and software platforms and the ongoing rapid technological advancement became drivers for the development of a wide array of distinct methods and tools for WCET analysis. The precision, generality, and efficiency of these methods and tools depend much on the expressiveness and usability of the annotation languages that are used to describe feasible and infeasible program paths. In this article we survey the annotation languages which we consider formative for the field. By investigating and comparing their individual strengths and limitations with respect to a set of pivotal criteria, we provide a coherent overview of the state of the art. Identifying open issues, we encourage further research. This way, our approach is orthogonal and complementary to a recent approach of Wilhelm et al. who provide a thorough survey of WCET analysis methods and tools that have been developed and used in academia and industry.