Cycle-accurate simulation of energy consumption in embedded systems
Proceedings of the 36th annual ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference
A survey of design techniques for system-level dynamic power management
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems - Special section on low-power electronics and design
Dynamic voltage scaling and power management for portable systems
Proceedings of the 38th annual Design Automation Conference
Hard real-time scheduling for low-energy using stochastic data and DVS processors
ISLPED '01 Proceedings of the 2001 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
ECRTS '01 Proceedings of the 13th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems
Adaptive scheduling server for power-aware real-time tasks
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Multiprocessor Energy-Efficient Scheduling with Task Migration Considerations
ECRTS '04 Proceedings of the 16th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems
System-level energy-efficient dynamic task scheduling
Proceedings of the 42nd annual Design Automation Conference
Speed Modulation in Energy-Aware Real-Time Systems
ECRTS '05 Proceedings of the 17th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems
Energy-Aware Modeling and Scheduling of Real-Time Tasks for Dynamic Voltage Scaling
RTSS '05 Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
Power-aware scheduling and dynamic voltage setting for tasks running on a hard real-time system
ASP-DAC '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
Optimized Slowdown in Real-Time Task Systems
IEEE Transactions on Computers
System-Level Energy Management for Periodic Real-Time Tasks
RTSS '06 Proceedings of the 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
System-wide energy minimization for real-time tasks: lower bound and approximation
Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Context switch overheads on mobile device platforms
ecs'07 Experimental computer science on Experimental computer science
Accurate on-line prediction of processor and memoryenergy usage under voltage scaling
EMSOFT '07 Proceedings of the 7th ACM & IEEE international conference on Embedded software
Toward the Predictable Integration of Real-Time COTS Based Systems
RTSS '07 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
Real-Time Dynamic Power Management through Device Forbidden Regions
RTAS '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium
ECRTS '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems
Koala: a platform for OS-level power management
Proceedings of the 4th ACM European conference on Computer systems
Minimizing CPU energy in real-time systems with discrete speed management
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
System-Wide Energy Optimization for Multiple DVS Components and Real-Time Tasks
ECRTS '10 Proceedings of the 2010 22nd Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems
Analysis of dynamic voltage scaling for system level energy management
HotPower'08 Proceedings of the 2008 conference on Power aware computing and systems
IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
Review: Energy-aware performance analysis methodologies for HPC architectures-An exploratory study
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
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Most dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVS) techniques adjust only CPU parameters; however, recent embedded systems provide multiple adjustable clocks which can be independently tuned. When considering multiple components, energy optimal frequencies depend on task set characteristics such as the number of CPU and memory access cycles. In this work, we propose a realistic energy model considering multiple components with individually adjustable frequencies such as CPUs, system bus and memory, and related task set characteristics. The model is validated on a real platform and shows less than 2% relative error compared to measured values. Based on the proposed energy model, we present an optimal static frequency assignment scheme for multiple DVS components to schedule a set of periodic real-time tasks. We simulate the energy gain of the proposed scheme compared to other DVS schemes for various task and system configurations, showing up to a 20% energy reduction. We also experimentally verify energy savings of the proposed scheme on a real hardware platform.